DeVry POLI 330 Week 4 Quiz - New 2017

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Chapter 10-    Interest Groups

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Federal lobbying currently costs around $ __________ per year.

1. A) 500 million
2. B) 5 billion
3. C) 1 billion
4. D) 5 million

2. What group or groups do interest groups over-represent?

1. A) The wealthy and specialized interest groups
2. B) Businesses and non-profit organizations
3. C) The wealthy and businesses
4. D) The larger interest groups and specialized interest groups

3. There are rarely more than __________ or so political parties, for several reasons, including the length of a ballot.

1. A) two
2. B) three
3. C) twenty
4. D) a dozen

4. __________ are only the latest iteration of well-funded interest groups.

1. A) Defense industry representatives
2. B) Super-PACs
3. C) Student organizations
4. D) Neo-conservative lobbyers

5. Who generally belongs to interest groups?

1. A) A multiplicity of people
2. B) Primarily the middle-class
3. C) Almost exclusively the well-educated
4. D) Suburbanites and urbanites

6. Explain which individuals have the most influence on politics via interest groups.

1. A) Women
2. B) The elderly
3. C) A wide variety of people
4. D) Rich individuals

7. 7. What S. groups that are underrepresented by interest groups took to the street in inner-city riots in the 1960s, thus demonstrating what group or groups might do when they cannot express their grievances through legitimate channels?

1. A) Poor and Hispanics
2. B) African Americans and women
3. C) Poor and African Americans
4. D) Hispanic Americans and women

8. 8. The National Rifle Association is an example of an interest group that seeks the support of primarily one party, in that it tilts strongly toward __________ candidates.

1. A) Independent
2. B) Libertarian
3. C) Republican
4. D) Tea Party

9. 9. Why did the 2010 healthcare reform bill contain no provision for public insurance options?

1. A) The insurance industry blocked them.
2. B) The people had no desire for a public option.
3. C) Democrats paid more attention to the private option.
4. D) Farmers, heavily invested in the insurance industry, blocked them.

10. 10. Why is the democratic playing field uneven?

1. A) Some groups are rich and well-connected.
2. B) The relatively frequent use of violence by some groups can intimidate others.
3. C) Some groups give substantial amounts of money directly to the citizenry.
4. D) There are more working class and poor people and they regularly organize themselves to get a larger piece of the pie.

11. Many interest groups are brought about by government, insofar as they are __________.

1. A) associated with government programs
2. B) funded largely by the government
3. C) almost exclusively based in the nation’s capital
4. D) usually formed by former politicians

12. Bureaucracies have become big, and powerful, developing __________ of their own.

1. A) candidates
2. B) interests
3. C) political parties
4. D) media outlets

13. A great deal of legislation originates in __________.

1. A) economic downturns
2. B) corporate boardrooms
3. C) specialized agencies
4. D) secret

14. A common scenario with government-created interest groups is: Congress creates a program, the program creates an interest group, and then __________.

1. A) the interest group works on Congress to keep supporting it
2. B) the public works on Congress to keep supporting it
3. C) the interest group works on the public to support it
4. D) the interest group works on the President to support it

15. Describe how bureaucracies see their tasks.

1. A) With iconoclastic eyes, seeking to controvert typical government policies
2. B) With very conservative eyes, seeking to keep their agencies small and economical
3. C) As only work to be completed
4. D) As extremely crucial, demanding bigger budgets and more employees each year

16. What characterizes weak states with regard to interest groups?

1. A) Interest groups are usually government controlled.
2. B) Interpenetration of crime and politics
3. C) Interest groups are rarely allowed.
4. D) Interpenetration of religion and politics

17. Which of the following is an example of crime catalyzing the creation of an interest group?

1. A) Public school teachers who organized cheating on standardized tests organized an interest group.
2. B) Drug-related crime in Columbia led to armed interest groups.
3. C) Somalian pirates have created interest groups to support the proliferation of international shipping by sea.
4. D) Pickpocket and theft crime led to interest groups who battle stop-and-frisk laws.

18. Describe the relationship between the branches and subdivisions of the U.S. government has with interest groups.

1. A) Each branch or division has a limited the number of interest groups allowed to pursue grants, alterations in regulations, or the establishment of their own agency.
2. B) Each branch or division has one or more interest group requiring grants, alterations in regulations, or the establishment of their own agency.
3. C) Each branch or division has one or more interest offering bribes, encouraging fraud, or pursuing insider information.
4. D) Only a few branches or divisions has one or more interest group requiring grants, alterations in regulations, or the establishment of their own agency.

19. How is interest-group activity viewed in France?

1. A) With great admiration
2. B) As without real impact
3. C) As dirty and it is looked down upon
4. D) As opaque and mysterious

20. Why did some criticize the lobbyist-backed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac bailouts?

1. A) The bailout prevented each from keeping profits private.
2. B) The bailout allowed only Fannie Mae to keep profits private but pass on the risk to taxpayers.
3. C) The bailout allowed each to keep profits private but pass on the risk to taxpayers.
4. D) The bailout prevented each from keeping profits private, but some risk was still passed on to taxpayers.

21. Probably the largest single factor in the success of interest groups is __________.

1. A) money
2. B) tax-exempt status
3. C) member numbers
4. D) regional location

22. The trend toward negative advertising in political campaigns is spurred, in part, by __________.

1. A) political ignorance
2. B) soft money
3. C) divisions among party members
4. D) the growth of social media

23. The largest and most quickly growing U.S. interest group, with around 40 million members, is the __________.

1. A) NRA
2. B) NAACP
3. C) AARP
4. D) PTA

24. Explain what keeps the doors of Congress open to interest groups.

1. A) A healthy culture of disagreement and debate
2. B) The exchange of favors
3. C) The careful cultivation of civil servants and members of Congress over the years
4. D) A neutral relationship with bureaucrats and Congress-people

25. Describe the role played by the healthcare and financial industries.

1. A) They are the smallest campaign contributors to both parties, but still receive ample consideration.
2. B) They are the biggest campaign contributors to the Democratic Party, and receive ample consideration.
3. C) They are the biggest campaign contributors to the Republican Party, and receive ample consideration.
4. D) They are the biggest campaign contributors to both parties, and receive ample consideration.

26. What was Teddy Roosevelt’s reaction to the big-money politics of his predecessor, President McKinley?

1. A) Roosevelt supported the Tillman Act, a reform prohibiting corporations from giving funds to parties and candidates.
2. B) His party discontinued taking monies from corporations.
3. C) Roosevelt supported the Tillman Act, a reform limiting the giving funds of funds by corporations to parties and candidates.
4. D) He lobbied privately for his fellow politicians to stop taking money from corporations.

27. How was the 1973 Supreme Court ruling that states could not arbitrarily restrict a woman’s right to an abortion connected to the phenomenon of single-issue groups? The ruling __________.
28. A) catalyzed Jews, Muslim fundamentalists, and others to form the “pro-life” movement, which in turn, spurred the formation of “pro-choice” groups
29. B) catalyzed Roman Catholics, Protestant fundamentalists, and others to form the “pro-life” movement, which in turn, spurred the formation of “pro-choice” groups
30. C) failed to catalyze Roman Catholics, Protestant fundamentalists, and others to form a “pro-life” movement, but the formation of “pro-choice” groups was spurred
31. D) catalyzed Roman Catholics, Protestant fundamentalists, and others to form the “pro-life” movement, which in turn, yet no “pro-choice” groups formed in reaction

28. How are Germany and Sweden exemplars of complete public financing?

1. A) Each uses tax dollars to fund election campaigns.
2. B) Each tries to limit campaign spending.
3. C) Both subsidize parties after the election based on how many votes they received and parliamentary seats they won.
4. D) Both allow corporate funds to subsidize the use of government tax dollars to fund election campaigns.

29. Why do U.S. unions seem powerful even though business has far more clout than unions?

1. A) American unions are much larger than most businesses.
2. B) Schoolteachers, police, civil servants, etc. are very beloved by the public.
3. C) S. unions attract much attention when they strike at major firms.
4. D) They receive a great deal more media attention at all times.

30. Why does a group as large, and with a reach as large, as the NAACP have so little influence?

1. A) Size and reach don’t inherently translate into influence, even if the group isn’t disadvantaged.
2. B) The largest groups are often ignored as people assume groups that attract such large numbers must be having their needs met.
3. C) Disadvantaged groups with smaller grievances are among the least likely to be listened to.
4. D) Disadvantaged groups with the biggest grievances are among the least likely to be listened to.

31. Many are convinced that __________ buy Congress with campaign contributions and favors given by corporations.

1. A) unions
2. B) lobbyists
3. C) universities
4. D) the military

32. In countries where __________, the courts become an arena of interest-group contention.

1. A) public defenders are unavailable
2. B) the rule of law is strong
3. C) judges have little power
4. D) the rule of law is weak

33. Some interest groups maintain a low profile by promoting their objectives without __________ them.

1. A) lobbying for
2. B) fully funding
3. C) advertising
4. D) openly debating

34. Describe the defense some present for those who riot in reaction to perceived wrongful police shootings and arrests, discrimination, etc.

1. A) They argue that rioters are only opposing the violence they suffer daily at the hands of police, all levels of government, and an economy that keeps them underpaid and unemployed.
2. B) They argue that rioters are only taking part in the same atmosphere of violence they suffer daily at the hands of police, all levels of government, and an economy that keeps them underpaid and unemployed.
3. C) They argue that rioters are too poorly educated and so much the products of poor environments that they cannot possibly be held accountable.
4. D) They argue that rioters are only opposing the violence they suffer daily at the hands of others in their neighborhoods.

35. Why did Occupy Wall Street protesters take to direct protest?

1. A) Violent protest had already been attempted
2. B) The movement could not compete with the financial and political resources of Wall Street.
3. C) Direct protest seemed a more powerful gesture.
4. D) The financial and political resources of Wall Street made action through social media negligible.

36. When interest groups approach the __________ it may not be in need of or want of a new law, but merely favorable interpretation of existing rules and regulations.

1. A) courts
2. B) corporate world
3. C) public
4. D) administration

37. How was the railroads use of television to explain their case for fair government policies related to their investment in public image?

1. A) TV allowed the industry to push for government policies that would help railroads a mainstay of the toy industry.
2. B) Using TV to address those policies was crucial to that industry’s ability to survive and compete with trucking.
3. C) Railroads found TV invaluable in educating the public about policies that would have made high speed rail possible.
4. D) Competition among players in the railroad industry threatened the survival of the industry, and TV was utilized to address policies that would have prevented that.

38. Many top former administration officials and some 200 former senators and congresspeople shifting into careers as extremely highly-paid D.C. lobbyists is an example of __________.

1. A) lobbyists attempting to hire those who give their firm the most ethical possible public image
2. B) interest groups attempting to sway the judiciary
3. C) the phenomenon of many government bureaucracies being “captured” or “colonized” by the lobbying groups they deal with.
4. D) a government-to-lobbying transition that has been a commonplace since the mid-1800s

39. According to Olson why do small, well-organized groups, especially with money, often override the broader public interest?

1. A) The latter have much to gain from favorable but narrow laws and rulings, so they lobby intensely. The former see nothing to gain, are not organized or intense, and lobby little.
2. B) The former have much to gain from favorable but narrow laws and rulings, so they lobby intensely. The latter see much to gain, and are not organized or intense, but lobby little.
3. C) The former have much to gain from favorable but narrow laws and rulings, so they lobby intensely. The latter see nothing to gain, are not organized or intense, and lobby little.
4. D) The former have much to gain from fair, broad laws and rulings, so they lobby some. The latter also favor broad laws and rulings, but not organized or intense, and lobby little.

40. How might an interest group keep a discreet profile whilst pushing their mission without explicit advertising?

1. A) Such a group might plant news stories that promote their cause subtly while quietly working against the publication of stories that work against their position.
2. B) The group might infiltrate the offices of opposing groups or politicians and accrue incriminating information which might be anonymously conveyed to the media.
3. C) They might have lobbyists push news stories in the local media that are directly given to that local media by those lobbyists.
4. D) A group might plant stories in social media promoting their cause, but also publicly work against the publication of stories that work against their mission.

41. __________ aid(s) smaller organizations in fending off more powerful interest groups.

1. A) Coalitions
2. B) Civil disobedience
3. C) Violence
4. D) A clear message

42. Because __________ action either way angers one group or another certain issues are “hot potatoes.”

1. A) economic
2. B) union
3. C) coalition
4. D) government

43. Successful interest groups tend to be dominated by a __________ of political activists.

1. A) vocal but scholarly cadre
2. B) discreet but wealthy cadre
3. C) vocal minority
4. D) vocal majority

44. What is the central paradox surrounding voters and their elected leaders?

1. A) Most people don’t vote, so leaders pay their greatest attention to interest group demands, rather than to the demands of ordinary voters.
2. B) Voters elect leaders, but leaders pay their greatest attention to interest group demands, rather than to the demands of ordinary voters.
3. C) Voters attempt to elect leaders, but are usually disappointed to find their candidate loses; the winning candidate pays their greatest attention to interest group demands, rather than to the demands of ordinary voters.
4. D) Voters elect leaders, and accordingly leaders pay their greatest attention to ordinary voters, rather than to the demands of their fellow office-holders.

45. By deregulating reasonable safeguards, __________ bears much responsibility for debacles like that connected with Enron.

1. A) the executive branch
2. B) lobbyists
3. C) Congress
4. D) Freddie Mac

46. Describe a “stalemate society.”

1. A) One in which trapped between international allies, the president finds him or herself relegated to focusing solely on domestic issues
2. B) A society which progresses politically but not economically
3. C) A society in which lobbyists find themselves unable to influence government
4. D) One in which government may find itself unproductive, stuck between powerful interests and unable to move on important problems

47. Provide an illustration of the problem of whether interest groups really speak for all their members or for a small, militant minority.

1. A) Muslim Americans find it nearly impossible to form interest groups of any influence, at all, such that the few which achieve influence tend to speak only for the power elite among them.
2. B) The Roman Catholic hierarchy takes positions on contraception and abortion that many ordinary Catholics do not.
3. C) Jewish organizations are weaker supporters than most American Jews.
4. D) Christian Evangelical organizations take extremely diverse positions, such that their voices are evenly balanced across their supporters.

48. How is Rousseau’s emphasis on the “general will” over and above the “particular wills” that make up society related to interest groups?

1. A) With legislators and executives attuned to interest groups, it’s often as if no one is considering the interests of the whole country.
2. B) With legislators and the judiciary attuned to interest groups, it’s often as if no one is considering the interests of the whole country.
3. C) With legislators and executives attuned to the “citizens’ lobby,” it’s often as if no one is considering the interests of the corporate community.
4. D) With legislators and executives attuned to interest groups, it’s often as if no one is considering the interests of politics at the local level.

49. How did much of U.S. finance come to be little supervised after Reagan’s tenure as president?

1. A) Congress has generally delivered whatever the finance industry specified, and regulations and safeguards were rolled back.
2. B) Presidents have generally delivered whatever the finance industry specified, and regulations and safeguards were rolled back.
3. C) Congress has generally delivered whatever the finance industry specified, save the regulations and safeguards the industry pushed.
4. D) Citizens have generally pushed against most legislation having to do with the finance industry, including regulations and safeguards related to the finance industry.

50. How well do interest groups serve the needs of the average citizen?

1. A) The small businessperson, the poorly informed citizen, and minority groups with little money tend to be represented by interest groups, whether they know it or not and therefore are rarely lost in the push and pull of larger interests and government.
2. B) The small businessperson, the poorly informed citizen, and minority groups acquire large stores of money, thus resisting the possibility of being lost in the push and pull of larger interests and government.
3. C) The large businessperson, the well informed citizen, and well-represented groups with extensive cash access are still just as often as not lost in the push and pull of other larger interests and government.
4. D) The small businessperson, the poorly informed citizen, and minority groups with little money tend to get lost in the push and pull of larger interests and government.

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

51. 51. Interest groups and political parties are the same, except political parties work through elected representatives and interest groups do no

52. 52. Individuals have little power and influence in a democracy; by joining together with others in an interest group, individuals can increase their power and influen

53. 53. Governments directly create interest group

54. 54. Bureaucracies have become big, powerful interest groups and as a result sometimes undermine government efficiency and effectivenes

55. 55. Interest group success is mostly based on the notoriety of their cau

56. 56. The first attempt to limit campaign financing in the S. was the Tillman Act of 1907, supported by Theodore Roosevelt.

57. 57. Socioeconomic status of members is related to groups’ su

58. 58. There has been a rise of single-issue interest groups, like the AFL-CIO, since the 1970

59. 59. Interest groups in the U. work through the legislature and the executive but not the judicial system.

60. 60. Scandals, like that connected to Enron, are found all over the world, and tend to be traceable back to laws that interest groups create to favor themselves.

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

61. 61. __________ interest groups attract those aiming at religious, environmental, or gender goals.

62. French __________ is reflected in Rousseau’s work, which argues that “particular will” will distort the “general will.”

63. 63. The power that Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI) has over the Diet illustrates that bureaucracies sometimes __________.

64. Interest groups are separate from the legislature in __________, but they are integrated into the legislature in                                              .

65. 65. __________ has tried to limit the influence of interest groups by subsidizing parties after the election according to how many votes they received, and parliamentary seats they won.

66. 66. Right to Life is a __________ interest group.

67. 67. Women’s rights, the death penalty, and gun control are examples of __________ issues addressed and dealt with by the U.S. Supreme Court.

68. 68. Federal officials on the take are usually __________ rather than __________.

69. 69. The appearance of __________ is a potential negative effect of interest groups playing an active role in po

70. 70. Issues tend to be silenced by political candidates who attempt to appeal to as broad a segment of the voting public as possible, especially in __________ systems.

SHORT ANSWER

71. Is it accurate that, as pluralists believe, no interest group can monopolize power?

72. Discuss the role that government-created interest groups play.

73. Can or should anything be done to curb the power of interest groups and the money associated with them?

74. 74. How is the following question exemplary of Olson’s theory of interest groups?

Why should Europeans contribute much to NATO when the Americans provide them with free security?

75. 75. How is the example of the “subprime crisis” related to the skewing of political policy?

ESSAY QUESTIONS

76. 76. Compare and contrast interest groups and political p Provide examples in your discussion of their similarities and differences. What advantages do interest groups offer that political parties don’t? What advantages do political parties offer that interest groups don’t?

77. 77. What is an interest group? What role are they supposed to play in a democratic society? What benefits are they supposed to provide? In reality, do they play these roles and provide these benefits? Explain. Are there any disadvantages to interest groups?

78. 78. What is the relationship between interest groups and government? How does this apply to government-created interest groups? Provide examples. What are the effects of bureaucrats as interest groups? Do you believe this crossover between bureaucrats and interest groups to be right?

79. What makes interest groups especially powerful and influential? Why? Should anything be done to control the power and influence of interest groups? Why or why not.

80. 80. What are the various strategies employed by interest groups to accomplish their goals? Discuss each of these strategies along with their effectiven Which of these strategies are utilized the most and why? Provide examples of each.

Chapter 11-    Parties

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is a function of political parties?

1. A) Parties limit voters’ choices by narrowing the playing field.
2. B) Parties function as an input device, allowing citizens to get their needs heard.
3. C) Parties decide the issues for televised political debates.
4. D) Parties nominate candidates, thereby increasing the voter efficacy.

2. The Democratic Party that Franklin D. Roosevelt established in the 1930s __________.

1. A) helped elect Democratic presidents five times in a row
2. B) corrupted the traditional Democratic platform
3. C) disrupted political mores regarding campaign finance
4. D) lobbied congress to pass the 1936 Farm Bill

3. Roosevelt’s Democratic coalition consisted of which three disparate interest groups?

1. A) Blacks, whites and Hispanics
2. B) Women, gun-owners and the NAACP
3. C) Young voters, the poor and the Irish
4. D) Catholics, Jews and blacks

4. In the 1980s, Ronald Reagan aggregated economic and noneconomic conservative groups into the Republican Party, a coalition which __________.

1. A) lasts availingly into this day
2. B) was egregiously disbanded in 2008 by Barrack Obama
3. C) was revived by George W. Bush in 2000
4. D) revivifies the Party’s platform as established in 1924

5. By welcoming new groups into their ranks, parties __________.

1. A) rob those groups of their individual interests and concerns
2. B) give groups a pragmatic and psychological stake in the overall political system
3. C) establish a monocultural dependence on the party system
4. D) enhance political hegemony by disenfranchising voters outside of these groups

6. The British Labour Party and the U.S. Democratic Party attracted workers by __________.

1. A) adopting a Marxist stance on unions and workers’ rights
2. B) redistributing capital amongst middle laborers
3. C) arguing for the seizure of corporatized assets
4. D) demanding union rights, fair labor policies and welfare benefits

7. Large parties in particular can be analyzed as __________.

1. A) generations of like-minded voters
2. B) coalitions of interest groups
3. C) team-led organizations based around a theme
4. D) trustworthy representatives of national interest

8. By introducing citizens to candidates and showing members how to speak in public, compromise, and conduct meetings, parties deepen their __________.

1. A) political competence
2. B) understanding of bipartisanship
3. C) regional interest
4. D) trenchant liberal views

9. Which of the following would likely occur if interest groups comprised the highest form of political organization in the United States?

1. A) Party platforms would become more fair and balanced than they are today.
2. B) The nation would maintain a more well-rounded view of campaign issues.
3. C) Voters would become disenfranchised as the number of candidates diminished.
4. D) There would be few overarching values that could command nationwide support.

10. Differentiate between democratic theory and neo-institutional theory.

1. A) Democratic theory states that parties have grown so large that they can now afford to ignore voters, while neo-institutional theory states that parties are beholden to voter critique.
2. B) Democratic theory states that political parties cannot afford to ignore voters, while institutional theory claims that parties can afford to disregard them.
3. C) Neo-institutional theory claims that institutions have grown so large they govern with disregard to regional politics.
4. D) Neo-institutional theory states that no institution, new or old, can afford to disregard voters; democratic theory is choosier.

11. Germany uses party lists but is divided into 16 states, thus partly __________ national party control.

1. A) decentralizing
2. B) capitalizing
3. C) extending
4. D) regulating

12. Party discipline in the United States is __________ compared to most European nations.

1. A) muscular
2. B) penetrating
3. C) weak
4. D) divisive

13. Which late 20th century American president is responsible for making the Republican Party more coherently conservative?

1. A) Dwight D. Eisenhower
2. B) Richard Nixon
3. C) Gerald Ford
4. D) Ronald Reagan

14. British parties select candidates by bargaining between national headquarters and local constituency organizations. This system is __________ the party list system in Israel.

1. A) more centralized than
2. B) less centralized than
3. C) as equally centralized as
4. D) as inversely centralized as

15. “Blue Dog Democrats” are __________.

1. A) Democrats who support clean coal
2. B) Democrats chided for being left of the party center
3. C) Democrats elected from conservative districts
4. D) independent candidates whose views align closely with the Democratic Party

16. As Schattschneider argues, Washington becomes “a punching bag for every special and local interest in the nation” because __________.

1. A) U.S. parties are so decentralized that they cannot agree on a strong national platform
2. B) U.S. parties are so rigidly centralized that they cannot agree on a clear party platform
3. C) party platforms are so erringly unclear
4. D) a weakened executive branch fails to control its own party in congress

17. Which U.S. system makes it difficult for parties to bridge the separation of powers to enact platforms?

1. A) Checks and balances
2. B) The Federal Reserve
3. C) Bicameral legislation
4. D) Executive privilege

18. If Republicans start worrying that Libertarian candidates are taking some of their votes, the Libertarians will become __________.

1. A) virtually extinct
2. B) trenchantly corrupt
3. C) a relevant party
4. D) an adjunct group

19. Analyze the relationship between elected officials, their constituents, and political parties.

1. A) Political parties maintain strict control over elected officials due to direct campaign contributions.
2. B) Elected officials hold themselves more accountable to PACs and constituents than to political parties.
3. C) Officials generally keep promises made to party leaders, ensuring their “frontrunner” status in upcoming primaries.
4. D) PACs and constituents hold little sway over official policy compared to party leaders.

20. According to Giovanni Satori’s definition, why was the States’ Rights Party (Dixiecrats) a relevant party?

1. A) Main parties controlled the Dixiecrat platform by laundering campaign contributions to States’ Rights candidates.
2. B) States’ Rights candidates received major donations from super-PACs.
3. C) The Dixiecrat party was included in that year’s televised debates.
4. D) Main parties were forced to take them into account in campaigning for votes and forming coalitions.

21. Ideologically, Communists are considered a(n) __________ party.

1. A) detrimental
2. B) dangerous
3. C) left-wing
4. D) illegitimate

22. Right-wing parties, such as the British Conservatives under Thatcher, want to __________.

1. A) promote state religion at the risk of diminishing local identity
2. B) dismantle the welfare state, break the power of unions, and promote vigorous capitalist growth
3. C) regulate business through increased taxes, strengthen labor unions, and implement Keynesian economic strategies
4. D) distribute wealth according to income level, educational background and number of children

23. China, North Korea, Vietnam and __________ preserve the party-controlled state, but appear ripe for change.

1. A) Laos
2. B) Bangladesh
3. C) Japan
4. D) Cuba

24. What did the Moderate Party do to acquire a majority in the Swedish Riksdag (parliament)?

1. A) Formed a coalition with the Center, Liberal and Christian Democratic parties
2. B) Divided assets with Greens, Liberals and the Party of the Left
3. C) Implemented a divisive nationalist party platform
4. D) Teamed up with the Sweden Democrats, Center Party and the Social Democrats

25. Supervising the Central Committee, the __________ of a dozen or so top party leaders was the real heart of Soviet governance.

1. A) Kremlin
2. B) Politburo
3. C) Sputnik
4. D) Glasnost

26. Why did Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev (1985–1991) deliberately undermine the Soviet party structure?

1. A) The Communist Party filled government positions with opportunists, leading to corruption.
2. B) The Communist Party fell to pressure from the West, particularly U.S. President Ronald Reagan.
3. C) The Soviet economy weakened due to poor wheat production in the Ukraine.
4. D) The Soviet party structure could not sustain the massive convict population occupying Siberia.

27. Interpret the relationship between Lenin’s Communist Party, the government, and the economy.

1. A) It featured the interlocking of a single party with government and the economy.
2. B) It included the separation of church, state and power.
3. C) It excluded communication between government and economy, with single party rule.
4. D) It extended government subsidies to state-owned institutions and international organizations.

28. Socialist parties prior to World War II, still partly Marxist and aiming their messages largely at the working class, are an example of __________ parties.

1. A) Apparatchik
2. B) Bildungsroman
3. C) Weltanschauung
4. D) Schadenfreude

29. Which one of the following statements best represents the Communist Party’s style of rule under the leadership of Joseph Stalin?

1. A) The Communist Party exercised direct control of state operations and the economy.
2. B) The Communist Party did not rule directly, but supervised, monitored, and controlled the personnel of the state and economic structures.
3. C) The Communist Party directly redistributed wealth through caucuses organized by party leaders.
4. D) The Communist Party ruled with an “iron fist,” quashing frequent rebellions but leaving state-run operations to local party heads.

30. Why did Gorbachev fail to break up the Communist power monopoly in the Soviet Union?

1. A) Attempting to keep pace with tiger economies like Japan, Gorbachev overstretched the U.S.S.R.’s financial base.
2. B) Gorbachev failed to recognize the strength of Russian agricultural lobbyists.
3. C) Gorbachev’s attempts to match American industrial power overstretched the Soviet’s already crumbling economic base.
4. D) Gorbachev underestimated how brittle the Soviet power system was, and in turn, it collapsed.

31. Stable, moderate party systems made democracy possible in which former totalitarian nations?

1. A) Vietnam and North Korea
2. B) Spain and West Germany
3. C) Syria and Iraq
4. D) Bolivia and El Salvador

32. Britain’s party system led to a(n) “__________ parliament” and shaky government following the 2010 elections.

1. A) tenacious
2. B) hung
3. C) grateful
4. D) inept

33. When parties become too messy or fluid, critics call them __________ systems.

1. A) nascent
2. B) unsound
3. C) inchoate
4. D) rudimentary

34. One-party systems are generally associated with which types of government?

1. A) Democratic and oligarchic
2. B) Monarchic and socialist
3. C) Theocratic and Communist
4. D) Authoritarian and totalitarian

35. Which of the following nations is an example of a dominant-party system?

1. A) Iran
2. B) North Korea
3. C) Russia
4. D) Australia

36. What is a major fault in the two-party system?

1. A) Only two parties have an equal chance of winning.
2. B) Only members of the two major parties are allowed to serve in congress.
3. C) The two-party system almost always leads to gridlock, slowing legislation.
4. D) The major parties oust executives with whom they disagree.

37. Identify the greatest impact of third parties within a two-party system.

1. A) They break up gridlock among the two major parties.
2. B) They remind the two big parties of voter discontent and offer new ideas.
3. C) They exert a large role in shaping foreign policy for the two major parties.
4. D) They stagnate the nomination process for both major parties.

38. How do multiparty systems avoid cabinet instability?

1. A) They construct stable coalitions that govern effectively.
2. B) They create uniformity under the regime of a single elected party.
3. C) They establish a single party platform around which the legislature clusters.
4. D) Elected parties exert full control over the cabinet.

39. Compare and contrast multiparty systems in Europe and the United States.

1. A) Voting for a third party in Europe equates to “throwing your vote away,” while at least in the United States third parties receive some representation.
2. B) Voting for a third party in the U.S. is little more than a “protest vote,” while even small parties in most European nations receive some representation in return for votes.
3. C) Voting for an American third party supports issues such as the environment, gay rights and agricultural reform.
4. D) Voting for a European third party combines aspects of major and minor parties, unlike the United States, which is more rigid in party structure.

40. What is the major flaw in personalistic parties, such as Putin’s Unity Party?

1. A) They allow constituents to become too familiar with candidates, discouraging them from voting for anyone else.
2. B) They rigidly entrench themselves in the nation’s politics, often creating policies that last long beyond their applicability.
3. C) They are disingenuous and usually fail under close media scrutiny.
4. D) They often serve merely as tools to elect a specific candidate and represent no official ideology.

41. Which two former dominant-party nations have recently seen their party systems fragment?

1. A) Syria and Lybia
2. B) India and Japan
3. C) Australia and New Zealand
4. D) Hungary and the Czech Republic

s

42. The American electoral system is based on the British “first past the post” (FPTP) system, named so because __________.

1. A) third parties can “post” to earn representation
2. B) major parties are subject to intense scrutiny by third parties
3. C) it resembles a horse race; even a nose better wins
4. D) it tends to promote more equal representation

43. Why does proportional representation (PR) allow and even encourage parties to split?

1. A) PR systems assign parliamentary seats in proportion to the percentage of votes in that district.
2. B) PR systems designate representation on a flat regional basis.
3. C) PR systems allow only a simple plurality to win.
4. D) Voters in PR systems tend to be less loyal to their parties.

44. Poland’s exceedingly fragmented multiparty system has recently formed into a __________ one.

1. A) splintered
2. B) conservative
3. C) fractured
4. D) moderate

45. Because U.S. parties are weakly organized and decentralized—in effect, every congressional district and state has its own parties, little related to each other—the parties do not cohere well at the __________ level.

1. A) local
2. B) regional
3. C) state
4. D) national

46. Which of the following has recently done much to encourage state and local party organizations to cooperate with national party platforms?

1. A) Door-to-door canvassing
2. B) Cohesive national platforms
3. C) Computerized mailing lists
4. D) Local political pandering

47. What did the 2012 U.S. presidential election demonstrate about party cohesion?

1. A) Super-PACS can harm party cohesion.
2. B) Stringent party cohesion can harm electoral chances.
3. C) Party cohesion remains unaffected by monetary funds.
4. D) American voters prefer strongly cohesive parties.

48. Today’s voters tend to be __________ loyal to their parties than in the past.

1. A) more
2. B) less
3. C) similarly
4. D) equally

49. Evaluate the effect of 1980s Republican Party cohesion on the Democratic Party.

1. A) The Democratic Party crumbled in the face of strong conservative cohesion.
2. B) The Democratic Party demonstrated almost no response to Republican cohesion.
3. C) Many Democrats converted to the Republican Party to elect Ronald Reagan.
4. D) The Democratic Party assumed greater cohesion in the 1990s and late 2000s.

50. Which of the following is an advantage to having less powerful, less centralized parties?

1. A) Fluid and flexible parties may be better able to process demands from a wider range of citizens.
2. B) Mutable party platforms possess greater persuasive abilities over the general public.
3. C) Parties can form a stronger organizational identity based around a single, cohesive ideology.
4. D) Third parties can effectively shoot for power grabs at legislative seats.

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

51. In the United States, parties integrate successive waves of immigrants and minorities—currently Hispanics—into American political life.

52. A new president appoints approximately 6,000 people to executive departments and agencies, allowing the party to steer policy for the course of his term.

53. Britain’s party system is among the most centralized in the world.

54. In parliamentary systems, the majority party must resign when constituents submit a vote of non-confidence in the party.

55. In Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, Communist governments were voted out of power.

56. The parties in Sweden’s Riksdag maintain a right-leaning ideological bent.

57. In 2000, Mexico’s conservative National Action Party (PAN) overcame the Party of Institutional Revolution’s (PRI) lock on the presidency with the election of Vicente Fox, moving Mexico from a dominant-party to a multiparty system.

58. A two party system is a party system with only two parties present.

59. Small parties tend to be underrepresented in two-party and two-plus party systems.

60. New policy ideas almost never come from specialist think tanks.

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

61. Parties assuage conflicts between interest groups through __________—in other words, pulling together their separate interests into a larger organization.

62. In Israel’s candidate selection system, each party draws up a __________ of 120 nominees to the Knesset (parliament) and voters choose a single list.

63. In 2012, the __________ split the Republican Party into pragmatists willing to compromise and militants unwilling to bend.

64. Because the Democratic Party controlled both the executive and legislative branches, President Johnson was able to push his __________ program into law.

65. The “classic” Communist system founded in the Soviet Union by __________ featured a single party interlocked with government and the economy.

66. Spain, which has a history of multiparty fragmentation, now has a __________ system: a large Socialist Party, a large center-right Popular Party, and several smaller parties.

67. ___________ occurs when parties compete in a centripetal manner.

68. Among the most important institutional choices a nation can make is the choice between an electoral system based on single-member districts or on __________ representation.

69. Changing a country’s electoral laws can alter a country’s party system, pushing the nation from a __________ to a two-plus system, as in Germany.

70. U.S. parties are weakly organized and decentralized, and thus, the parties do not __________ well at the national level.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

71. Explain how parties integrate citizens into the political system.

72. Describe party centralization and decentralization. Provide an example.

73. Using Sartori’s definition, identify the criteria for party relevance.

74. Analyze the method by which left-wing parties propose to level class differences.

75. Differentiate between one-party systems and dominant-party systems.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

76. Parties play an important role in the political system by socializing citizens to political interests. Explain how this socialization process increases political competence. Who benefits from it? Cite specific examples.

77. Assess the relationship between party finance and transparency. How does this relationship allow anonymous interest groups to shape party interests and activities? How might voters benefit from increased transparency?

78. The Soviet experience demonstrates that single parties with stringent power monopolies, strict control over commerce, and little accountability tend to ossify, leaving them unable to handle to complex tasks of the modern world. How has the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) tried to avoid this fate? And how has economic growth affected control over Chinese corruption?

79. Identify the origins of inchoate parties and their role as personalistic vehicles. What has been their legacy in places like Eastern Europe and Latin America?

80. Compare and contrast single-member districts and proportional representation (PR). How effective is each electoral system in representing its people’s interests? How do they support the party systems around which they arose?

Chapter 12-    Elections

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. U.S. turnout seldom falls below 40 percent in __________elections.

1. A) local
2. B) congressional
3. C) gubernatorial
4. D) presidential

2. Americans must __________ sometimes months before the election and before campaign excitement mounts.

1. A) lobby
2. B) declare an allegiance to a particular party
3. C) register to vote in person
4. D) caucus

3. The peak of U.S. voter turnout was in 1960 at __________ percent.

1. A) 30
2. B) 63
3. C) 73
4. D) 56

4. What is the American voters’ general response to the typically long ballot featuring a variety of local, state and national candidates, and often referendums, as well?

1. A) A display of extensive knowledge of the various campaigns
2. B) Excitement
3. C) Bafflement
4. D) Relative to international trends, record high time spent in the voting booth

5. Describe the argument of Anthony Downs’s landmark 1957 work, An Economic Theory of Democracy.

1. A) The text argued that people vote if the returns outweigh the costs.
2. B) The text claims that property owners fearing tax hikes still don’t tend to vote.
3. C) The text argued that citizens are not intimidated by the level of the stakes and they will go to the trouble of voting.
4. D) The text makes the claim that the cost of political information has no impact on determining whether a person will vote.

6. Describe the average European ballot.

1. A) They are no more and no less complicated than American ballots.
2. B) They are simple, typically offering only a choice of party, but most countries do little to nothing to control and limit TV political advertising.
3. C) They are even more complex than American ballots, typically offering a multitude of choices, and most countries do little to control and limit TV political advertising.
4. D) They are simple, typically offering only a choice of party, and most countries control and limit TV political advertising, while some allow none.

7. How was the 2012 U.S. election an example of an election that turned on voter turnout?

1. A) Republicans boosted the participation rates of their traditional voters, and pushed voter registration for those favorably disposed to the Republican Party, while the Democrats paid less attention to grass-roots work, concentrating instead on TV advertising.
2. B) Democrats boosted the participation rates of their traditional voters, and pushed voter registration for those favorably disposed to the Democratic Party, while the Republicans paid less attention to grass-roots work, concentrating instead on TV advertising.
3. C) Democrats boosted the participation rates of their traditional voters, despite Republicans pushing voter registration for those favorably disposed to their party, and concentrating on TV advertising.
4. D) Democrats boosted the participation rates of their traditional voters, and pushed voter registration for those favorably disposed to the Democratic Party, and despite Republicans paying attention to grass-roots work, and concentrating instead on TV advertising they still lost.

8. How are Sweden, Italy and Germany examples of nations with high voter turnout? Turnout in those nations has __________.

1. A) occasionally reached 90%
2. B) often reached 95%
3. C) sometimes been as high as 65%
4. D) very regularly been as high as 90?

9. Why do Americans vote so little?

1. A) Typically, given the enormous number of immigrants the U.S. plays host to, most U.S. nonvoters are poorly-versed in the tradition of voting, and are therefore are largely unengaged by most elections.
2. B) Typically, more than half of U.S. nonvoters say they that while they are interested in and satisfied with candidates, they still feel that their vote makes no difference or that none of the candidates is really good, while the two large parties may not offer an interesting or clear-cut choice.
3. C) Typically, most U.S. nonvoters say they are uninterested in or dissatisfied with candidates, feeling their vote makes no difference or that none of the candidates are really good, while the two large parties may not offer an interesting or clear-cut choice.
4. D) Typically, most U.S. voters find it impossible to convince others to vote, despite the fact that nonvoters are most likely to vote if convinced by those close to them.

10. What do you think might be a side-effect of or a cause of nations with very high voter turnout having that level of turnout?

1. A) They may have a kind of political fever in which partisan politics has become too intense.
2. B) They likely play host to elections in which indistinct personalities and a relatively unified electorate bring out more voters.
3. C) They probably don’t offer automatic voter registration.
4. D) They usually have mandatory voting.

11. __________ gives people a stake in election outcomes, and education raises levels of interest and sophistication.

1. A) Life in the suburbs
2. B) Family tradition
3. C) Nationalism
4. D) High income

12. The __________ overcame some of the barriers in the way of black voter registration, predominantly in the south.

1. A) postmaterialism movement
2. B) 1965 Voting Rights Act
3. C) 1865 Gettysburg Address
4. D) Brown vs. Board of Education case

13. In recent U.S. elections, women have voted more than men, a reflection of __________.

1. A) women’s higher education levels
2. B) feminism
3. C) women’s higher income levels
4. D) regional differences

14. What is the likely reason for middle-aged and older people being more likely to vote than the young?

1. A) The middle-aged person is at peak earning and the old person is concerned with Social Security and Medicare.
2. B) The middle-aged person is at medium earning and the old person is concerned with retiring and grandchildren.
3. C) Middle-aged people tend to be more highly educated and the old person is concerned with Social Security and Medicare.
4. D) Middle-aged people tend to live in urban areas and the old person is concerned with Social Security and Medicare.

15. Describe the impact thinkers believe negative campaigning might have on voter turnout.

1. A) Young voters, in particular, may be turned off by negative campaigning, and conclude that all politicians are dirty.
2. B) Potential voters may be turned off by robocalls, and conclude that all politicians are dirty.
3. C) Potential voters may be turned off by negative campaigning, and conclude that all politicians are dirty.
4. D) Potential voters may be turned excited by the luridness of negative campaigning, but nevertheless conclude that all politicians are dirty.

16. Describe the impact of education on those who vote.

1. A) Education drops the sense of participation and makes people feel more cynical, which makes people more likely to take action, but not to actually follow political news.
2. B) Education lifts the sense of participation and abstract intellectual curiosity, which makes people more likely to follow individual politicians.
3. C) Education lifts the sense of political knowledge, which makes people more likely to follow political news and feel involved.
4. D) Education lifts the sense of participation and abstract intellectual curiosity, which makes people more likely to follow political news and feel involved.

17. What impact does young people beginning to pay taxes have on their relationship to voting?

1. A) It tends to make them more likely to vote, but less likely to work for a given campaign.
2. B) Beginning to pay taxes tends to make them less interested in elections.
3. C) It tends to make them more liberal in their voting.
4. D) As they begin paying taxes they become more interested in elections.

18. What is the relationship between African-American voting rates and Barack Obama’s run for president?

1. A) African-American voting rates rose to those of white voters, as black income and education levels rose.
2. B) African-American voting rates unexpectedly remained far below those of white voters, as black income and education levels remained steady.
3. C) African-American voting rates rose to those of Hispanic voters, as black income and education levels rose.
4. D) African-American voting rates fell unexpectedly below those of white voters, despite black income and education levels rising.

19. Why is it that in most of the world, cities have higher turnouts than rural areas?

1. A) Partly because those who live rurally tend to feel less enfranchised
2. B) Partly because urbanites on average have higher education levels
3. C) Partly because people who have lived in the same place are less likely to vote than are transients or newcomers
4. D) Partly because men tend to vote more than men

20. Why might factory workers in small towns feel a different sense of the stakes elections hold than executives and professionals?

1. A) Factory workers in small towns may perceive a great deal of difference between candidates, noticing considerable change from one administration to another, while executives and professionals feel generally less involved, but still perceive a direct correlation between who wins and their personal fortune.
2. B) Factory workers in small towns may perceive little difference between candidates, noticing little change from one administration to another, and while executives and professionals share this sense of noticing little change from one administration to another, they still perceive a direct correlation between who wins and their personal fortune.
3. C) Factory workers in small towns may perceive little difference between candidates, noticing little change from one administration to another, while executives and professionals feel involved and perceive a direct correlation between who wins and their personal fortune.
4. D) Executives and professionals may perceive little difference between candidates, noticing little change from one administration to another, while factory workers in small towns feel involved and perceive a direct correlation between who wins and their personal income.

21. Party ID is important to party __________.

1. A) enfranchisement
2. B) loyalty
3. C) stability
4. D) influence

22. __________ regions may harbor economic and cultural resentments at rule by a distant capital.

1. A) Urban
2. B) Liberal
3. C) Northern
4. D) Outlying

23. __________ electoral system(s) can guarantee translating the public’s will into governance in a way that is both fair and simple.

1. A) No
2. B) Democratic
3. C) Modern
4. D) State

24. Describe the “marriage gap.”

1. A) Married people are several points more Republican than unmarried people.
2. B) Married people are several points more Libertarian than unmarried people.
3. C) Married people are several points more Democratic than unmarried people.
4. D) Married people are several points more nationalistic than unmarried people.

25. __________ tend to embrace conservative values and vote for conservative parties.

1. A) Academics
2. B) Country and suburban dwellers
3. C) Urban dwellers
4. D) West coast dwellers

26. Describe the purpose of the Electoral College.

1. A) To provide an alternative to the generally democratic approach to politics in the U.S.
2. B) To overrepresent states with fewer voters, especially the Southern states
3. C) To allow for greater constitutional change
4. D) To avoid the problem of a “hung” government

27. How does the rise in the percentage of blacks who make up the electorate relate to American political parties?

1. A) This demographic shift works against Democrats.
2. B) This demographic shift works against Republicans.
3. C) This demographic shift works against the Green Party.
4. D) This demographic shift works against urban Democrats.

28. How was the 2012 instance of Romney winning most of the white Protestant evangelical vote an example of the role of religion in U.S. elections?

1. A) Religious versus secular has fallen off as one of the strongest predictors in U.S. voting.
2. B) Nonreligious versus Catholics is the single strongest predictor in U.S. voting.
3. C) Religious versus secular is the single strongest predictor in U.S. voting.
4. D) Religious versus secular is only one of the many predictors in U.S. voting.

29. Why do some working class people vote for conservative parties?

1. A) Because they perceive themselves to be middle class, have a school tradition, or have individual convictions
2. B) Because they perceive themselves to be middle class, have a family tradition, or lack individual convictions
3. C) Because they perceive themselves to be upper class, have a family tradition, or have individual convictions
4. D) Because they perceive themselves to be middle class, have a family tradition, or have individual convictions

30. Why did most 18-to-29-year-old voters vote for Obama in 2008 and 2012?

1. A) They were more open on race and worried about their jobs during the financial crisis.
2. B) There were more men than women who voted in that age range.
3. C) They were fearful of economic experiments.
4. D) They had lost faith in the Republican party.

31. The party __________ of many voters dissolved in several watershed presidential elections.

1. A) shifting
2. B) loyalties
3. C) recruitment
4. D) skepticism

32. Scholars have noticed spreading __________ in the U.S. electorate and are concerned that it could do damage to democracy.

1. A) party hopping
2. B) creation of parties
3. C) polarization
4. D) influence of social media

33. The Clinton victories in 1992 and 1996 and the Obama victory of 2008, all based on the __________, undermine the theory of electoral realignment.

1. A) economy
2. B) military
3. C) right to life
4. D) grassroots movements

34. Describe what the 2008 and 2012 winning coalitions of young people, women, and minorities indicated.

1. A) the emergence of a new, liberal bloc
2. B) the emergence of a new, socialist bloc
3. C) the emergence of a new, working class bloc
4. D) the emergence of a new, independent bloc

35. Describe an example of a “deviating election.”

1. A) A candidate shift that is only temporary, with voters going back to the candidate they initially favored
2. B) A party shift that appears permanent, but sees voters going back to their long-term party ID years later
3. C) A party shift that is only temporary, with voters going back to their long-term party ID
4. D) A party shifting its support from one primary candidate to another, with the going back to support that initial candidate in subsequent elections

36. What does partisan polarization look like?

1. A) Partisans take to the streets, armed and prepared for street battles with the opposing party.
2. B) Party identifiers maintain the same militancy they have always possessed, continuing their dislikes and slurs against the other party.
3. C) Party identifiers become violent in their campaigning.
4. D) Party identifiers become more militant, as do dislikes and slurs against the other party.

37. If Nixon’s 1968 election was indicative of realignment, then what would Carter’s election in 1976 mark?

1. A) A definitive expansion of Democratic values
2. B) An indicator of depolarization
3. C) A massive upset
4. D) A deviating election

38. The impact of the Supreme Court’s 1972 “one person, one vote” ruling had a side-effect of __________.

1. A) many states resisting taking a census
2. B) many states now redistricting after every census
3. C) a few states redistrict after every census
4. D) gerrymandering being undermined by redistricting

39. Why has the theory of critical or realigning elections been so long debated by political scientists?

1. A) Political scientists tend to be even more partisan than the average voter.
2. B) Some emphasize the idea that party ID remains largely unchanged per voter across elections, while others point to watershed elections in which party loyalties shift.
3. C) Statisticians can offer almost no notable data on party loyalty or lack thereof.
4. D) “Critical elections” definitively determine how nearly every elections will go.

40. Why are “independent” voters key to one’s understanding of whether substantial dealignment is occurring?

1. A) Many voters who call themselves “independent” actually lean to one party or the other.
2. B) More than 75 percent of voters who call themselves “independent” are genuine neutrals.
3. C) At least 45 percent of those who cast ballots call themselves “independent.”
4. D) Most voters who call themselves either a Democrat or a Republican actually lean “independent.”

41. People very often vote without __________.

1. A) any party affiliation
2. B) knowing precisely what they are voting for or why
3. C) having been granted citizenship
4. D) knowing the parties involved in the election

42. The 2012 victory for Democrats came through their emphasis on __________ operations.

1. A) covert media
2. B) rural voter registration
3. C) neighborhood turnout
4. D) non-“swing” state

43. Voting blocs __________ the public-opinion blocs.

1. A) tend to parallel
2. B) tend to contradict
3. C) rarely take part in
4. D) disregard

44. What are the habits of candidates as regards their positions on issues?

1. A) They are endlessly opportunistic, but tend to alter their positions on issues only in the face of scandal or crisis.
2. B) They resist being opportunistic, rarely altering their positions on issues to win the most votes.
3. C) They are only relatively opportunistic, altering their positions on issues to win the most votes.
4. D) They are endlessly opportunistic, altering their positions on issues to win the most votes.

45. Describe the innovations that super-PACs brought to the 2012 presidential election.

1. A) They produced more, and progressively effective, TV ads than ever.
2. B) They produced more robocalls than ever.
3. C) They produced more, and progressively negative, TV ads than ever.
4. D) They produced less robocalls than ever.

46. What does the Index of Consumer Confidence do, as regards elections?

1. A) Offers no indication on the way presidential elections will turnout
2. B) Measures how economically secure Americans feel, but reflects little how presidential elections will go
3. C) Measures how secure Americans feel in the industrial sector of the economy
4. D) Predicts most presidential elections

47. Ronald Reagan and Barack Obama were prime examples of __________.

1. A) winning political personalities
2. B) winning political personalities, and politicians who led leaders in other countries to adopt similar approaches
3. C) liberal political personalities, and politicians who led leaders in other countries to adopt similar approaches
4. D) conservative political personalities, and politicians who led leaders in other countries to adopt similar approaches

48. Johnson in 1964, Nixon in 1972, Reagan in 1984, etc. are examples of the phenomenon of __________.

1. A) voters rewarding the incumbent’s party when they think the government in general is doing a good job
2. B) voters rewarding the challenging party when they think the government in general is doing a bad good job
3. C) voters punishing the incumbent’s party when they think the government in general is doing a bad job
4. D) lobbyists rewarding the incumbent’s party when they think the government in general is doing a good job

49. Why are voting blocs not what they used to be?

1. A) People are often Libertarian on some things and Tea Party-ist on other things.
2. B) Americans continue to fit demographic, ethnic, and religious pigeonholes.
3. C) Attitudes on religion, free enterprise, welfare, patriotism, civil rights, and other issues do not cut across the old voting blocs.
4. D) Americans do not fit demographic, ethnic, or religious pigeonholes.

50. Why is a strong positive retrospective view potentially crucial for parties? Such a view __________.

1. A) can turn into a party identification
2. B) can often spur voters to found their own parties
3. C) rarely turns into a party identification
4. D) often turns voters off from voting altogether

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

51. 51. Voter turnout in the S. is traditionally higher than European countries such as Sweden, Germany, and Italy.

52. 52. The higher a person’s education and income, the more likely they are to vo

53. 53. The voting age in the S. was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1960.

54. 54. According to the postmaterialism theory, a person with a higher level of education will not necessarily be more likely to vo

55. 55. Elections were called early and at opportune times by Margaret Thatcher in Britain.

56. 56. Many working-class people identify as middle class and therefore vote more conservatively than they should according to their cla

57. 57. The electoral college can produce a winner of the presidential election that does not win the majority of the popular vo

58. 58. The last major party realignment in the S. came in 1980 with Reagan being elected president.

59. 59. Voters engage in prospective voting when they base their decision on an incumbent president’s actions during his tenu

60. 60. Opportunistic reaction to events compose much of political life.

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

61. Fewer than 20 American adults is involved enough in politics to attend a political meeting, contribute money, or __________ a neighborhood.

62. The __________ constitutional amendment lowered the U.S. voting age from 21 to 18.

63. Cities have __________ turnouts than rural areas because __________.

64. Being older than __________ would make a person more likely to vote.

65. Recently, party identification in the U.S. has been __________ and the number of swing voters has been __________.

66. The province of __________, in Canada, is an example of periphery regions that experience center-periphery tensions that often affect voting patterns.

67. The __________ voting bloc is the strongest predictor in U.S. voting.

68. Roosevelt’s __________ influenced an electoral realignment in U.S. politics.

69. Mass and leader __________ influence(s) citizen’s vote choice in presidential elections and threatens the role of rational choice.

70. “Retrospective voting” involves voters choosing whether or not to vote for a candidate based on overall __________ performance, especially in regard to the economy.

SHORT ANSWER

71. Why do Americans vote so little?

72. Describe those who tend to be nonvoters, and explain why they tend to be nonvoters.

73. Is the U.S. electoral system defective? Explain your answer.

74. How does party identification tend to evolve from childhood through adulthood? Explain your answer.

75. Why do democracies tend to see candidates adjusting their positions toward the center as election day nears?

ESSAY

76. 76. What are the most important factors in determining why people vote? Are there particular factors which appear to be more important than other factors? Does this hold true for all countries or just the S.? Why are people not voting in the U.S.? What role do the two parties play in this?

77. 77. What types of people are most likely to vote? Provide examples and explain why these groups are more likely than others to vo Discuss their interests and abilities in your answer.

78. What are the long-term and short-term factors in why people vote? Why? What role does party identification play? Discuss the role class plays in voting, as well. Finally, touch upon the role region plays.

79. 79. What are realigning elections? Describe voter realignment? In addition to critical elections, what are the causes of realignment? Are we undergoing another realignment now? Are realignments positive or negative? Explain.

80. 80. How are elections won? In other words, what distinguishes candidates who win from those who lose? Have these factors changed over time? Are the current factors that influence electoral outcomes positive or negative for a democratic society? Explain and provide example