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Chapter 17-    Violence and Revolution

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Several decades ago political scientists tended to overlook __________.

1. A) revolutions
2. B) dictatorships
3. C) government legitimacy
4. D) violence and upheaval

2. At the 1968 Democratic convention, Chicago police attacked __________ protestors, as well as many who just happened to be passing.

1. A) Vietnam War
2. B) feminist
3. C) anarcho-syndicalist
4. D) Cuban Missile Crisis

3. Thousands of __________ occur in China each year in which citizens gather to protest corrupt local officials, the seizure of farmland, toxic factories, or police cover-up of crimes.

1. A) “mass incidents”
2. B) acts of enormous violence
3. C) “public actions”
4. D) upper class movements

4. Rarely the work of small bands and conspirators alone, __________ are usually the result of system collapse, which permits small but well-organized groups (often military) to take over.

1. A) the erosion of legitimacy
2. B) acts of genocide
3. C) dictatorships
4. D) coup d’état

5. What is the most common response to serious domestic unrest?

1. A) Revolution
2. B) Coup d’état
3. C) Military takeover
4. D) UN diplomatic action

6. Despite thousands of young black South Africans being willing to risk jail or worse by taking up arms against the whites-only regime, that regime imagined for decades that the massive African majority would __________.

1. A) continue to rebel, but to no avail
2. B) simply keep their place
3. C) peacefully be folded into the political system
4. D) emigrate over time

7. What is the relationship between a high sense of government legitimacy among the people and police officers? Where legitimacy is high __________.

1. A) spending on policing is low
2. B) it is because there are fewer police interfering in civilian life
3. C) fewer police are needed
4. D) it is because police use a particularly heavy hand

8. What was the relationship between the rough handling by army troops of World War I veterans known as the “Bonus Army” and then-President Herbert Hoover’s election outcome?

1. A) Public support for the veterans’ rough treatment helped turn the country decisively equally in support of President Herbert Hoover in that fall’s election.
2. B) Public revulsion at the veterans’ rough treatment helped force President Herbert Hoover to replace his Vice President in that fall’s election.
3. C) Public revulsion at the veterans’ rough treatment helped turn the country decisively against President Herbert Hoover in that fall’s election.
4. D) Public support at the veterans’ rough treatment helped turn the country decisively equally in support of Hoover’s sending of American forces to protect American interests during the Japanese occupation of Shanghai, and hence his campaign in that fall’s election.

9. Why did Hubert Humphrey lose the election to Richard Nixon in 1968?

1. A) Specifically because he supported the feminist movement
2. B) Mostly because he stood against secret U.S. bombing campaigns in Laos and Cambodia
3. C) Largely because of his enormous support of the protestors at the convention
4. D) Primarily because of his ambiguous position on the Vietnam War

10. Why did the South African government finally begin a dialogue leading to the release of Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990, among other concessions?

1. A) The government was running out of the money it needed to fund police and military actions against black South-Africans.
2. B) The escalating violence between armed black South Africans and the government
3. C) The escalating violence among armed black South Africans
4. D) The government was infiltrated by less and less-racist whites.

11. Thinkpieces are often justifiable because we know that many data are __________.

1. A) flawed
2. B) falsified
3. C) analogous
4. D) always based on facts rather than estimates

12. Until recently, Central America and Southern Africa were home to __________ violence.

1. A) unrecognized
2. B) revolutionary
3. C) mild
4. D) non-revolutionary

13. In 1976, black students in South Africa’s Soweto township protested against the issue of being forced to __________.

1. A) modernize
2. B) have no more than one child per family
3. C) learn Afrikaans in school
4. D) take part in military service

14. Describe what can often happen in a changing society when, during times of prosperity, some people get rich faster than others.

1. A) Jealousy is aroused.
2. B) Politicians pay more attention to poverty.
3. C) The very poor revolt.
4. D) Economists become confused.

15. What did anthropologist Eric R. Wolf argue regarding societal changes?

1. A) The shift from simple subsistence farming to cash crops dependent on markets, landlords, and banks brings greater wealth to many peasants and yet fails to prevent them from fomenting revolution.
2. B) The shift from simple subsistence farming to cash crops dependent on markets, landlords, and banks impoverishes many peasants but is enough to prevent them from fomenting revolution.
3. C) The shift from simple subsistence farming to cash crops dependent on markets, landlords, and banks brings wealth to many peasants and turns them away from revolution.
4. D) The shift from simple subsistence farming to cash crops dependent on markets, landlords, and banks impoverishes many peasants and turns them from quietude to revolution.

16. What was the consequence of the separatist Ibo attempting to break away from Nigeria with their new state of Biafra in the late 1960s?

1. A) The Nigerian government defeated the Ibo, but only with assistance from a number of European nations.
2. B) The Nigerian government allowed the Ibo to secede without any violence.
3. C) The Ibo were defeated in a lengthy, costly war.
4. D) The Ibo were victorious in a relatively brief war.

17. Riots triggered by police beating youths, protests against globalization, and labor strikes against austerity are all examples of __________.

1. A) purely traditional violence
2. B) issue-oriented violence
3. C) violence carried out by civilian institutions of government
4. D) coups

18. Fighting between Arabs and Darfuris in Sudan, Sunni and Shia in Iraq, and Tibets and Chinese in Tibet are all examples of __________.

1. A) underground violence
2. B) primordial violence
3. C) rebellions based on Communist politics
4. D) self-defense

19. Why might even a period of prosperity bring about revolution?

1. A) When people move in and out of poverty, they have no hope for the future, and so see nothing to lose in rebelling.
2. B) When things improve for the wealthy, they start imagining an even better future. No longer content with their already luxurious lot, they want improvement faster than even a growing economy can deliver.
3. C) When things improve for the poor, they realize just how bad they’ve had it and their anger is unleashed.
4. D) When things improve for the poor, people start imagining a better future, and no longer content with their lot, they want improvement faster than even a growing economy can deliver.

20. How is high unemployment relevant to civil conflict?

1. A) Unemployed young men incline naturally to unrest.
2. B) The unemployed tend to be passive, keeping civil conflict at bay.
3. C) Unemployed mothers, desperate for their children, tend to take to the streets.
4. D) The unemployed tend to be uninformed about politics, and therefore rarely take part in civil conflict.

21. Because of its support of __________ governments in the Middle East, the United States is hated by Muslim terrorists.

1. A) primordial violence
2. B) secularism
3. C) corrupt and repressive
4. D) jihad

22. Occupying powers in Vietnam, whether French or American, deceived themselves into thinking they had __________ villages because they were able to drive through them in armored convoys.

1. A) infused democracy into
2. B) killed enough guerillas in
3. C) administrative control of
4. D) won the battle of hearts and minds in

23. Some states engage in __________, despite officially denouncing terrorism.

1. A) sharing intelligence with nongovernmental militias
2. B) “state-sponsored terrorism”
3. C) targeting specific groups for violence
4. D) democracy

24. What about U.S. agencies, like the Department of Homeland Security, the FBI, and the CIA, make them so ill-prepared to fight terrorism?

1. A) They have extremely different missions when it comes to terrorism.
2. B) They are poorly funded.
3. C) They have a great deal of red-tape to get through in order to be able to communicate.
4. D) They are often unwilling to communicate with each other.

25. What are the aims of terrorists via their calculated acts of terrorism?

1. A) To panic their enemies, to gain publicity and recruits, and to get the foe to overreact and drive more people to side with the terrorists
2. B) To destroy as much of the economic strength of a nation as possible
3. C) To kill national leaders
4. D) To kill their enemies, to gain recruits, and to get the UN to overreact and cause more people to side with the terrorists

26. A lesson learned from the Vietnam War was that while the insurgent is__________, the occupier or government is impatiently trying to substitute firepower for legitimacy.

1. A) planting tripwire bomb devices
2. B) patiently building a network to supplant the regime
3. C) trying to find the best possible leader for its cause
4. D) lobbying for international support

27. What is it that many experts believe could be the only solution to the problem of Islamist terrorism?

1. A) Infiltration of terrorist groups by covert operators
2. B) Totalitarian rule
3. C) Modernization
4. D) Pacification through military action

28. ETA, PKK, PLO and the Tamil Tigers are all examples of __________.

1. A) Organizations sponsored by nations to stand in opposition to those that want their own state
2. B) Organizations that attempt to negotiate peace between organizations that want their own state and are opposed by nations in which they operate
3. C) Organizations that want their own state, and are supported by the nations in which they operate
4. D) Organizations that want their own state, and are opposed by the nations in which they operate

29. Why is the Middle East currently the breeding ground for considerable terrorist activity?

1. A) High birth rates produce many unemployed youth who are attracted to the simplistic lessons of Islamism, which has made the United States an object of hate.
2. B) Low birth rates produce too few citizens to keep the economy growing and poverty breeds unrest.
3. C) High birth rates produce many unemployed youth who are attracted to the complex lessons of Islamism, which has made other Middle Eastern nations an object of hate.
4. D) Low birth rates produce too few citizens to keep the economy growing, and the poor are attracted to the simplistic lessons of Islamism, which has made the United States an object of hate.

30. Does terrorism work?

1. A) Rarely, and seldom without political and/or economic pressure
2. B) Rarely, but primarily when brought against democratic nations
3. C) Often, and without much need for political pressure to aid it
4. D) Often, but only with the assistance of economic and/or political pressure

31. __________is a small or moderate change that essentially leaves the system intact.

1. A) Mass discontent
2. B) Reform
3. C) Dramatic system change
4. D) A coup d’etat

32. Preachers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, and others who deal with ideas often have a professional stake in __________ the system.

1. A) enriching
2. B) documenting
3. C) criticizing
4. D) supporting

33. When the moderate Iranian, Mohammed Khatami, won the presidency his reforms were blocked because real power stayed in the hands of __________.

1. A) insurgents
2. B) Muslim liberals
3. C) the religious elite
4. D) military leaders

34. Describe Harvard scholar, sociologist Theda Skocpol’s recent theory on revolution.

1. A) Revolutions nearly always fail because states, even those that are poorly managed, simply have too much power at their disposal.
2. B) Revolutions primarily bubble up from below, but are usually aided by an explicitly incompetent state leader.
3. C) Governments caught in situations they are able to manage become distracted nevertheless, which leads to revolutions, rather than such rebellions simply bubbling up from below.
4. D) Governments caught in situations they cannot manage lead to revolutions, rather than such rebellions simply bubbling up from below.

35. Describe what happens to intellectuals during Brinton’s “the old regime decays” stage of the revolution.

1. A) Intellectuals are alienated from the regime and turn to a proposed ideal system.
2. B) Intellectuals are liquidated.
3. C) The state intelligence agencies fold the intellectuals into their operations.
4. D) Intellectuals exult.

36. What is likely to happen if the people are unhappy and there is no organization to focus their discontents?

1. A) They will almost assuredly turn to violence.
2. B) Not much will happen.
3. C) The people will organize themselves, regardless.
4. D) They will eventually find other means of achieving contentedness.

37. How might one measure whether a genuine revolution has taken place?

1. A) The regime itself claims they are going through a revolution.
2. B) The old elites are replaces by new elites.
3. C) The regime is violently overthrown.
4. D) The state media declare a revolution has taken place.

38. The overthrowing of the moderates by the extremists is an example of a typical characteristic of which stage in Brinton’s “stages of revolution”?

1. A) At first, moderates take over.
2. B) A “thermidor” ends the reign of terror.
3. C) The extremists take over.
4. D) The old regime decays.

39. Why are intellectuals nearly everywhere discontented with the existing state of affairs?

1. A) They are highly educated and acquainted with a variety of ideas, some of them utopian.
2. B) They are elitist and can work with neither the people nor with the government.
3. C) Negative people tend to be attracted to intellectual spheres of life.
4. D) Intellectuals are no more discontented with the existing state of affairs than the rest of the population.

40. Why was jealousy provoked in the Iranian people, despite the booming economy of the early to mid-1970s?

1. A) Economic growth was only rapid for the working class and poor people, and was lacking for the wealthy.
2. B) No one who wasn’t already rich became rich, igniting the emotions of all the other classes of society
3. C) Economic growth was relatively even, and previously working class or poor people felt themselves empowered enough to engage the grudge they had from previously being underserved
4. D) Economic growth was uneven, with some getting rich fast, and others benefitting little to not at all.

41. The U.S. hesitated supporting the __________ revolutions because it feared they would fall under extremist influences.

1. A) Cuban
2. B) “Arab Spring”
3. C) Iranian
4. D) “velvet”

42. In France, the Revolution is still __________ more than two centuries later.

1. A) controversial
2. B) celebrated with unfettered zeal
3. C) not taught in schools
4. D) little talked about

43. By the 1980s, many radical countries were trying to __________ their revolutionary systems.

1. A) crush
2. B) spread to other nations
3. C) back out of
4. D) further

44. What brought about real mass unrest in the Soviet Union?

1. A) The fall of Soviet-supported communist regimes in Latin America
2. B) Brezhnev repressing the people
3. C) President Reagan threatening nuclear attack
4. D) Gorbachev admitting that things were wrong, and instituting major reforms

45. What is the crux of radical revolutionary thinking?

1. A) An economic plan to back up political ideas
2. B) Belief that it is possible to remake society
3. C) Belief that violence is the key to change
4. D) A purely ideological motive

46. Which of the following options best describes countries before and after revolutions?

1. A) Before, revolutionary movements are still idealistic and convinced they will bring a better society; after seizing power, the revolutionary regime discovers it’s not difficult to make an economy work.
2. B) Before, revolutionary movements are still idealistic and convinced they will bring a better society; after seizing power, the revolutionary regime discovers it’s a lot harder to make an economy work than it thought.
3. C) Before, revolutionary movements believe that a truly committed regime can redo society; after seizing power, the revolutionary regime discovers its ideological ideals are impractical.
4. D) Before, revolutionary movements bomb and assassinate in an effort to overthrow corrupt governments; after seizing power, the revolutionary regime almost always finds itself being bombed and in the sights of assassins.

47. Napoleon and Stalin are examples of __________.

1. A) revolutions’ persistent tendency to overthrow one form of tyranny only to replace it with another
2. B) the partial despotism of revolutionaries being replaced by a government composed of society’s elite
3. C) religious despots akin to Iran’s Khomeini
4. D) largely nonviolent revolutionaries

48. According to Hannah Arendt, the American struggle was indeed a revolution, perhaps history’s only complete revolution, __________.

1. A) for it alone ended with a democratic institutions.
2. B) because it became an example for other nations.
3. C) because it managed to route what was then the great world power.
4. D) for it alone ended with a new foundation of liberty instead of the tyranny that came after other revolutions.

49. Why do some scholars say velvet revolutions are not revolutions at all?

1. A) They are not ideologically driven.
2. B) They fail to bring about genuine democracy.
3. C) They lack the ferocious qualities of violent revolutions.
4. D) They don’t bring about real regime change.

50. Hannah Arendt pointed out that rage is the fuel of revolution, but what is now the greatest cause of rage?

1. A) The low level of education in developing nations
2. B) The enormous economic mismanagement in industrialized nations
3. C) The extreme violence utilized by industrialized nations against developing nations
4. D) The massive corruption now found in the developing lands

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

51. Until recently, in Northern Ireland, terrorists killed with bombs and bullets, as a portion of the citizenry considered the government illegitimate.

52. The United States, generally, paid little attention to the plight of poor, inner-city whites until a series of riots took place in the late 1960s.

53. “Class antagonism” can be described as certain groups feeling bypassed by the economic growth of other groups, and therefore feeling embittered.

54. The Sandinistas’ overthrow of Somoza in Nicaragua is an example of a peaceful revolutionary movement.

55. Prior to 9/11 few thought of using tons of jet fuel to bring down buildings.

56. Islamic terrorism has hardly begun to fade.

57. Intellectuals tend to resent people who are richer but not as smart.

58. As Russia was losing to Germany in World War II, the tsarist state collapsed, giving Lenin’s small Bolshevik party a chance to grab power.

59. Attempting to correct social injustice, the Dutch Revolution became a bloody mess that ended in dictatorship.

60. In practice, reforms are hard to apply to corrupt regimes because the class in power has much to lose and strongly resists.

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

61. In __________, British troops patrolled with automatic weapons and armored cars.

62. When faced with __________, a government’s initial inclination is to crush it and blame a handful of “radicals and troublemaker.”

63. Reasoning by __________ is often mistaken, as no two situations are exactly alike.

64. An example of a situation starting in one issue category and __________ to another is when complaints of ethnic Albanians in Kosovo against their second-class status led successively to Albanian political parties, protests, underground groups, violence, and an armed rebellion that broke Kosovo away from Serbia in 1999.

65. __________ and his followers were calm and rational in their pursuit of political goals that strike outsiders as mistaken and evil.

66. Terrorism is difficult to fight because it falls between war and __________.

67. Most twentieth-century revolutionary movements were founded and led by __________ people.

68. In the “extremists take over” stage of revolution, even revolutionary comrades who are deemed to have strayed from the true path are __________.

69. The__________, in Cambodia, in the late 1970s murdered an estimated 1.7 million of their fellow citizens.

70. The American struggle was not sidetracked by the __________ problem, so it could focus on establishing a just and durable constitution with balanced powers and political freedom

SHORT ANSWER

71. Why is the most common response to serious domestic unrest a military takeover?

72. The Tamil fight in northern Sri Lanka, 1983-2009, is an example of what “type” of violence? Provide the characteristics of that “type” of violence.

73. How was Hosni Mubarak an example of the idea that it’s better to stick with the dictators you know than the revolutionaries you don’t.

74. Describe the role of intellectuals in political violence and revolution.

75. What have been the consequences of the “Arab Spring,” moving forward to the current moment?

ESSAY QUESTIONS

76. 76. What are the primary indicators of the breakdown of political systems? Provide examples. How do we know systemic breakdown when we see it and distinguish it from other phenomena? Is violence always indicative of breakdown or not? Explain and provide examp

What types of people are most likely to vote? Provide examples and explain why these groups are more likely than others to vote. Discuss their interests and abilities in your answer.

77. 77. What are the five types of violence, according to political scientist Fred von der Mehden? What are the distinguishing features of each type of violence? Are these types of violence mutually exclusive or not? Which type of violence do you think is the hardest to prevent? Why?

78. 78. What is terrorism? How does terrorism differ from the five types of violence identified by Fred von der Mehden? Provide examples of acts of terrorism as well as acts that are not terrorism and explain the difference. What are the primary causes of terrorism, and what does this tell us about solutions to terrorism?

79. 79. Is modernization the most likely source of domestic unrest? Describe the various theories which link modernization and conflict, explain how these theories are different, and provide examp Which theory do you find most convincing and why?

80. 80. What happens after a revolution? How is a post-revolution different than ordinary periods in the life of a nation? Provide examples. Do you agree that the American struggle was indeed a revolution? What roles do past revolutions play in the life of contemporary nations? Why are there so few revolutionary movements alive today?

Chapter 18-    International Relations

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. In theory, what is the role of foreign powers in relation to sovereign states?

1. A) Foreign nations maintain satellite rule.
2. B) Foreign powers “keep their fingers” in the sovereign’s politics.
3. C) Foreign states have no business intruding on sovereign affairs.
4. D) Foreign powers provide financial aid in times of crisis.

2. Which of the following results from U.S. economic sanctions against Iran?

1. A) Most countries around the world fall in line.
2. B) Economic powerhouses like China generally agree.
3. C) The United Nations issues an embargo.
4. D) Many countries make oil deals with Tehran anyways.

3. Which of the following statements is true regarding Canadian sovereignty?

1. A) Many Canadians argue that cultural penetration by the United States threatens their claim to sovereignty.
2. B) Canada unsuccessfully exerts cultural and economic sovereignty over the United States.
3. C) Canada does not maintain full legal sovereignty from the United States.
4. D) Few Canadians recognize foreign influence on their country’s sovereignty.

4. In order to form an economic and political union, members of the European Union must forfeit some of their sovereignty, which could eventually lead to __________.

1. A) financial collapse
2. B) civil war
3. C) cultural hegemony
4. D) a United States of Europe

5. Which of the following statements is generally true of sovereign nations?

1. A) Laws allow individuals to settle grievances in court.
2. B) The lack of legal enforcement forces most to settle disputes on their own.
3. C) The spirit of the law often conflicts with the letter of the law.
4. D) Written law sometimes conflicts with law as it occurs in practice.

6. Countries generally sign treaties over which of the following concerns?

1. A) Economic sanctions, cease-fires and fiscal cliffs
2. B) Tariffs, infrastructure and drug trafficking
3. C) Global warming, land mines and germ warfare
4. D) Trade, energy and education

7. Which of the following sanctions prevents North Korea from testing nuclear weapons on its own territory?

1. A) Economic sanctions are used to prevent North Korea from testing nuclear weapons.
2. B) The U.N. Committee on Nuclear Disarmament censures North Korea’s testing.
3. C) South Korea keeps its northern neighbor in check.
4. D) No foreign power can legally prevent North Korea from testing nuclear weapons.

8. During the Cold War, most of Eastern Europe remained under Soviet control and many small Central American countries functioned under the “watchful eye” of the United States. What might this suggest about the nature of sovereignty?

1. A) In the Western World, even small and militarily weak countries maintain sovereignty.
2. B) Small, weaker countries are routinely influenced by larger and more powerful countries.
3. C) As a matter of policy, large and powerful countries demonstrate little outside influence on smaller nations.
4. D) Small nations are almost never dominated by larger, more powerful ones.

9. Evaluate President Nixon’s contributions to International Relations.

1. A) Nixon was very successful internationally, strengthening U.S. relations with China and the Soviet Union.
2. B) Nixon was an astute domestic legislator, but his international policy was weak.
3. C) Nixon demonstrated keen acumen in regards to international affairs; however, his hesitancy to deal with Communists precluded strong relations with the U.S.S.R.
4. D) While the Watergate scandal eventually led to Nixon’s downfall, his domestic policy was quite successful.

10. Distinguish between President Johnson’s ability to govern domestic and foreign affairs.

1. A) Johnson was a master at generating foreign policy, but could almost never get a bill through congress.
2. B) Johnson authored a great deal of foreign and domestic legislation, little of which actually became law.
3. C) Johnson’s foreign policy skills were quite keen, though Vietnam is seen as his greatest failure.
4. D) Johnson successfully implemented domestic policy, but made little headway in terms of foreign affairs.

11. According to Hans Morgenthau, __________ is the basic element of international politics that idealists ignore at their peril.

1. A) compromise
2. B) peace
3. C) debate
4. D) power

12. Which elements of power are tangible or calculable?

1. A) economic and psychological pressure
2. B) intellectual and cultural influence
3. C) geography and natural resources
4. D) political and military might

13. What is a diplomat’s primary role?

1. A) Targeting feasible strategies and finding ways to implement them
2. B) Persuading foreign powers to comply with domestic interests
3. C) Utilizing foreign policy to strengthen the nation’s power ties
4. D) Identifying and developing complementary interests between nations

14. Which of the following factors is considered the best kind of power?

1. A) military force
2. B) rational persuasion
3. C) political manipulation
4. D) economic influence

15. Few guessed in the 1960s that Communist Vietnam would be friendly to the United States today. What strengthened this bond?

1. A) The United States paid reparations to families of deceased Vietnamese soldiers.
2. B) The two countries share a national interest in facing an assertive China.
3. C) Both nations are working to halt sex trafficking in poverty-stricken Vietnam.
4. D) Vietnamese immigrants to the United States have strengthened the U.S. economy.

16. Two countries, even allies, seldom have identical national interests. The best one can hope for is that their interests will be __________.

1. A) parallel
2. B) complementary
3. C) similar
4. D) compatible

17. Which of the following events is an example of an infeasible strategy?

1. A) Using helicopters and artillery to combat terrorist insurgents
2. B) Employing stun guns and tear gas to break up a riot
3. C) Targeting terrorist leaders with remote-controlled drone strikes
4. D) Hand-to-hand, street-level combat to halt a civil war

18. Classify most Americans’ views on foreign affairs and international policy decisions.

1. A) Informed
2. B) Educated
3. C) Astute
4. D) Weak

19. Analyze the shared national interest of the United States and Iraqi Kurds.

1. A) The Kurdish interest is motivated primarily by volatile regional politics, while the U.S. seeks to protect all Iraqi liberties.
2. B) The U.S. interest is a general, temporary, and secondary one, while the Kurdish interest is specific and permanent.
3. C) The U.S. interest encompasses all of Iraq, while the Kurdish one is limited and regional.
4. D) The Kurdish interest is culturally based, while the U.S. interest is purely economic.

20. Which of the following is an example of a temporary interest?

1. A) S. support for Iraq during its 1980s war with Iran
2. B) The U.S. keeping hostile powers out of the western hemisphere
3. C) Chinese export subsidies that cost Americans jobs
4. D) Russian military force applied in Georgia and Chechnya

21. Which of the following countries arguably maintains the largest free-market economy?

1. A) Japan
2. B) Australia
3. C) Great Britain
4. D) United States

22. Starting in the 1980s, “Thatcherism” spread to many countries, leading to __________.

1. A) stricter regulations
2. B) freer markets
3. C) revised tax laws
4. D) socialist expansion

23. The recent global contraction brought a new wave of __________, as one country after another worried about keeping jobs at home.

1. A) isolationism
2. B) outsourcing
3. C) offshoring
4. D) protectionism

24. What is considered the largest flaw in the Cold War bipolar model of International Relations?

1. A) It focused too heavily on trade.
2. B) It ignored economics.
3. C) It concentrated on military power.
4. D) It interpreted power only as political.

25. The __________ keeps world trade open by cutting tariffs and other barriers, creating freer trade and settling disputes.

1. A) North American Free Trade Agreement
2. B) International Monetary Fund
3. C) World Trade Organization
4. D) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

26. Most countries participate in __________, a largely capitalistic competition where goods, money, and ideas flow easily to wherever there are customers.

1. A) the world market
2. B) free trade agreements
3. C) non-tariff barriers
4. D) plurilateral agreements

27. As China grew in wealth, it sought out oil and mineral deals around the globe and expanded its borders, reaching far out into the South and East China Seas. What does China’s example suggest about increased prosperity?

1. A) Prosperity increases territorial expansion.
2. B) Prosperity does not necessarily bring peace.
3. C) International oil and mineral deals increase prosperity.
4. D) Prosperity is diminished by limited borders.

28. What phrase did Columbia economist Jeffrey Sachs use to describe the fall of the Soviet Union?

1. A) “Financial collapse”
2. B) “Second place”
3. C) “Markets won”
4. D) “Failed war”

29. Characterize the effect of European welfare states on entrepreneurial enterprises.

1. A) Expensive welfare states control taxes and work against starting new enterprises.
2. B) Generous welfare states instigate growth through tax incentives.
3. C) Stimulus packages allow new businesses to finance innovative ideas.
4. D) Charitable welfare states stunt growth through burdensome tax incentives.

30. Analyze the condition of countries such as Cuba and North Korea that refuse to play by the motto, “Make money, not war.”

1. A) They exist under oppressive social restrictions.
2. B) They thrive via socialist policies.
3. C) They trade within limited circles.
4. D) They live in isolation and poverty.

31. Which theory states that peace results when several states use national power and alliances to stabilize one another, blocking would-be expansionists?

1. A) Micro theory
2. B) Balance-of-power theory
3. C) Macro theory
4. D) Hierarchy-of-power theory

32. According to macro theorists, __________ are the key factors leading to war.

1. A) cultures
2. B) leaders
3. C) states
4. D) citizens

33. __________ theory argues that leaders often misinterpret another nation’s actions as hostile and threatening, and consider their own actions to be merely defensive.

1. A) Supervision
2. B) Misperception
3. C) Hypertension
4. D) Home-defense

34. A big war with a definitive outcome often brings peace because __________.

1. A) relative power is clearly seen
2. B) power struggles are safely obscured
3. C) weaker powers are rendered impotent
4. D) larger powers rest satisfied

35. Explain George Kennan’s comparison of American democracy to a “pea-brained dinosaur sitting contentedly in a swamp of unmindful threats.”

1. A) He rests still for the moment, but may attack any opponent at any time and should not be disturbed.
2. B) Despite the appearance of contentedness, he as actually quite violent.
3. C) Threats surround him but he exists in ignorance to them.
4. D) Once harmed by an adversary, he erupts into a violent rage that destroys the foe and wrecks his own habitat.

36. Which of the following instances constitutes an example of image theory?

1. A) The United Nations’ peaceful removal of nuclear weapons from Iraq
2. B) The United States’ invasion of Iraq to eradicate a nonexistent threat
3. C) The Japanese surprise bombing of Pearl Harbor
4. D) Hitler’s unprecedented invasion of Czechoslovakia to reclaim the Sudetenland

37. Characterize micro theories of war.

1. A) They view war as the result of history and geography.
2. B) They think of war as the consequence of the power and ambitions of states.
3. C) They consider culture the root cause of all war.
4. D) They explain war in terms of biology and psychology.

38. Identify a major flaw that causes many scholars to reject balance-of-power theory.

1. A) It is impossible to know what powers will balance each other.
2. B) In transitional times, shifting powers upset hierarchy.
3. C) Humans exhibit a wide range of behavior and are thus unpredictable.
4. D) War is the result of human aggression and genetics.

39. Analyze trends in violence since the Cold War.

1. A) The number of conflicts has increased dramatically.
2. B) While there tend to be fewer conflicts today, many more are injured in them.
3. C) The mass media shows a lot of violence, but statistics show a less violent world.
4. D) Though there are more conflicts today, medical advances save many lives.

40. Contrast macro and micro explanations of war.

1. A) Micro theory sees war as the result of minute concerns, while macro theory focuses on larger-level issues.
2. B) Micro theory states that war begins at the domestic level, while macro theory suggests it is a strictly international phenomenon.
3. C) Micro theory understands war as the result of biological and psychological factors, while macro theory focuses on geography and resources.
4. D) Micro theory argues that war is essentially a conflict between states, while macro theory sees war as a conflict between select individuals.

41. The United Nations’ predecessor, the ___________, tried collective security to ensure peace.

1. A) Geneva Convention
2. B) Fourteen Points of Peace
3. C) Court of International Justice
4. D) League of Nations

42. The oldest approach to preserving peace is through __________, with envoys sent from one state to another.

1. A) diplomatic contact
2. B) power displays
3. C) cease-fire agreements
4. D) balance of power

43. What precedent did the 1945-1946 Nuremburg War Crimes Trials set for international law?

1. A) The Trials reinforced sovereignty as a defense for war crimes.
2. B) The court discounted sovereignty as a cover for mass murder.
3. C) Nuremburg outlined international rules of engagement.
4. D) The Trials stated that no sovereign body could declare another world war.

44. Identify one major flaw in the current United Nations.

1. A) Larger nations maintain greater influence over world financial issues.
2. B) The organization receives support from the International Monetary Fund with no real way to repay those funds.
3. C) The U.N. has too much power and thus maintains strict authority over international security matters.
4. D) Permanent members of the Security Council maintain the right to veto anything they dislike.

45. Evaluate the changing role of sovereignty in today’s international relations.

1. A) International relations has reinforced the notion of sovereignty.
2. B) Sovereignty is dwindling in the face of international law.
3. C) Weaker nations are losing sovereignty to larger, more powerful ones.
4. D) United States sovereignty has weakened due to the threat of terrorism.

46. According to political scientist Frank L. Klingberg, naval expenditures, annexations, armed expeditions and diplomatic pressures reveal alternating phases of __________ in American foreign policy.

1. A) aggression and passivity
2. B) introversion and extroversion
3. C) commerce and stagnation
4. D) violence and tranquility

47. Some argue that since the 2003 Iraq War, the United States has practiced __________, losing allies and rejecting treaties that most countries desire.

1. A) unilateralism
2. B) interventionism
3. C) isolationism
4. D) supranationalism

48. Beijing currently defines its national interest as __________ and will not likely do anything to disrupt that goal.

1. A) international expansion
2. B) fiscal superiority
3. C) economic growth
4. D) military power

49. Describe the shift in American isolationism after 1941.

1. A) The United States witnessed a strong increase in isolationist tendencies.
2. B) Congress attempted to block the executive’s power to wage war.
3. C) Most Americans began favoring strong involvement in world affairs.
4. D) The nation curbed its international reach to pacify East Asian allies.

50. Assess the effect of misperception on U.S. involvement in World War II and the Cold War.

1. A) The United States misperceived the importance of regions such as the Sudetenland in World War II, a mistake from which we learned during the Cold War.
2. B) Misperception led to delayed U.S. involvement in the Cold War, while it led Americans to hastily deploy troops in World War II.
3. C) Americans in World War II underestimated the reach of foreign powers, later overestimating the importance of small regions during the Cold War.
4. D) The rampant spread of Nazism led Americans to misperceive Hitler’s reach; similarly, we overestimated Soviet influence in Eurasia.

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

51. In practice, sovereignty is very clear-cut.

52. Theoretically, sovereignty means that foreign powers have no business intruding in your country’s affairs.

53. In 1991, Moscow saw its national interest in using military force to control Czechoslovakia and Georgia even though the outside world protested.

54. Following 9/11, NATO forces worked to stabilize Afghanistan because many European countries maintained a national interest in fighting al Qaeda.

55. In East Asia, civilians guide what are deemed key industries, aimed at rapid growth and dominance of certain markets.

56. According to balance-of-power theorists, the great periods of relative peace in the West have been times when the European powers balanced each other.

57. Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) were dismantled under UN supervision in the 1990s, but President Bush, convinced the country had revived its WMD programs, removed Iraq’s weapons in 2003.

58. Third parties can carry messages back and forth, clarify the issues, and suggest compromises, as the UN’s Ralph Bunche did between Arabs and Israelis in 1949.

59. The U.S. forces in IFOR (Implementation Force) in Bosnia during the 1990s were adequately equipped and instructed to destroy attackers; these robust rules of engagement incited violent rebellion from Serbian forces.

60. Starting in 1949, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) coordinated Western Europe and North America to act as a single defender under unified command in the event of Japanese attack.

FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

61. International relations differs from __________ politics, as there is no sovereign power over the world’s nations forcing them to obey laws and preserving peace.

62. If you know a country’s __________, from its history, geography, economy, and current politics, you can understand much of its behavior.

63. A ___________ interest is one that potentially threatens the life of your nation, such as Soviet missiles in Cuba.

64. Some countries resist the encroachments of free markets, hiding behind __________, or taxes on imports.

65. Predictions that economic interdependency would prevent war have proved false; the British-led globalization of the nineteenth century collapsed with __________.

66. A classic example of misperception, JFK portrayed a Soviet __________ over the United States and, in turn, increased the U.S. missile program.

67. The notion of __________ suggests that countries should work together in specialized areas so they see that they accomplish more by cooperation than by conflict.

68. After a broad, U.S.-led coalition booted Iraq out of __________ in 1991, UN inspectors combed through Iraq looking for the capacity to build weapons of mass destruction.

69. No two democracies have ever gone to war with one another. When Argentina and Britain fought over the Falklands in 1982, Argentina was a __________.

70. The Cold War created a __________ system that was clear but dangerous: the Western allies against the Soviets.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

71. Identify the role of sovereignty in enforcing domestic policy.

72. Examine the extent to which understanding a country’s national interest allows one to understand its behavior.

73. How can globalization sometimes breed resentment?

74. Analyze the effect of misperception on U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.

75. Evaluate the increasing influence of international law over sovereignty. Is this a positive trend?

ESSAY QUESTIONS

76. Compare micro and macro theories of war. Which do you feel is the better explanation? How can this explanation be used to prevent future wars?

77. Examine global trends concerning violence and war since 1945. In general, has war increased or decreased? Why might this be the case? Do you foresee the continuation of this trend? Explain.

78. Investigate the role of diplomacy in maintaining peace between nations. What actions might a diplomat take to encourage peace? What are some factors that may cause diplomacy to fail? Provide specific examples from your text.

79. Today’s world seems to be moving beyond sovereignty and toward supranational leadership to cooperate on issues of global importance. What are some of these issues? How might they be solved through supranational cooperation? Does such cooperation impede the sovereignty of independent nations?

80. Analyze the recent American trend toward unilateralism, evaluating its impact on U.S. foreign relations throughout the last decade. Is this a positive policy? How might the continuation of unilateral policies affect American power?