Test Bank for Social Gerontology A Multidisciplinary Perspective 8th Edition Hooyman

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Chapter􀈱1 The􀈱Growth􀈱of􀈱Social􀈱Gerontology

1) The􀈱rectangular􀈱survival􀈱curve:

A) is􀈱considered􀈱to􀈱be􀈱the􀈱ideal􀈱survival􀈱curve􀈱and􀈱is􀈱dependent􀈱on􀈱a􀈱fixed􀈱maximum

lifespan

B) has􀈱become􀈱more􀈱rectangular􀈱over􀈱the􀈱past􀈱century

C) is􀈱not􀈱a􀈱good􀈱representation􀈱of􀈱changes􀈱in􀈱worldwide􀈱life􀈱expectations

D) both􀈱A􀈱and􀈱B

Answer: D

Diff:􀈱3 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱15-16

2) The􀈱oldest-old􀈱subgroup:

A) is􀈱the􀈱slowest􀈱growing􀈱segment􀈱of􀈱the􀈱U.S.􀈱population

B) has􀈱about􀈱as􀈱much􀈱education􀈱as􀈱younger􀈱groups

C) has􀈱the􀈱same􀈱income􀈱as􀈱younger􀈱groups

D) is􀈱the􀈱fastest􀈱growing􀈱segment􀈱of􀈱the􀈱U.S.􀈱population

Answer: D

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱16-17

3) According􀈱to􀈱the􀈱text:

A) the􀈱􀈈young-old􀈈􀈱are􀈱those􀈱individuals􀈱aged􀈱50-65

B) the􀈱􀈈old-old􀈈􀈱are􀈱those􀈱aged􀈱65-75

C) the􀈱􀈈oldest-old􀈈􀈱are􀈱those􀈱aged􀈱85

D) 􀈈old-old􀈈􀈱refers􀈱to􀈱all􀈱people􀈱age􀈱65+

Answer: C

Diff:􀈱1 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱6

4) Mary􀈱is􀈱60-years-old,􀈱drives􀈱a􀈱Corvette,􀈱and􀈱has􀈱a􀈱teenage􀈱daughter.􀈱She􀈱would􀈱be􀈱considered

to􀈱have􀈱a􀈱young:

A) biological􀈱age B)chronological􀈱age

C) sociocultural􀈱age D)psychological􀈱age

Answer: D

Diff:􀈱1 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱4

5) In􀈱terms􀈱of􀈱psychological􀈱age,􀈱which􀈱of􀈱the􀈱following􀈱people􀈱is􀈱the􀈱youngest?

A) Michelle,􀈱a􀈱college􀈱graduate􀈱at􀈱age􀈱17 B)Anne,􀈱a􀈱secretary􀈱at􀈱age􀈱25

C) Cathy,􀈱a􀈱college􀈱sophomore􀈱at􀈱age􀈱48 D)Sarah,􀈱a􀈱school􀈱teacher􀈱at􀈱age􀈱55

Answer: C

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6) The􀈱state􀈱which􀈱has􀈱the􀈱largest􀈱proportion􀈱of􀈱individuals􀈱aged􀈱65􀈱and􀈱above􀈱is:

A) FloridaB)MinnesotaC)UtahD)California

Answer: A

Diff:􀈱1 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱26

7) The􀈱state􀈱which􀈱has􀈱the􀈱largest􀈱number􀈱of􀈱individuals􀈱aged􀈱65􀈱and􀈱above􀈱is:

A) FloridaB)OregonC)WashingtonD)California

Answer: D

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104

8) The􀈱elderly􀈱support􀈱ratio:

A) assumes􀈱the􀈱low􀈱birth􀈱rate􀈱will􀈱increase

B) projects􀈱that􀈱by􀈱2030􀈱there􀈱will􀈱be􀈱5􀈱working􀈱people􀈱per􀈱retired􀈱person

C) does􀈱not􀈱take􀈱into􀈱account􀈱that􀈱some􀈱older􀈱people􀈱remain􀈱in􀈱the􀈱work􀈱force

D) decreases􀈱as􀈱the􀈱population􀈱ages

Answer: C

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9) Educational􀈱attainment􀈱varies􀈱widely􀈱among􀈱the􀈱population􀈱aged􀈱65 +.􀈱Those􀈱least􀈱likely􀈱to

have􀈱a􀈱high􀈱school􀈱degree􀈱are􀈱________,􀈱those􀈱most􀈱likely􀈱are􀈱________.

A) men/women

B) young-old/oldest-old

C) Hispanics/non-Hispanic􀈱whites

D) African􀈱Americans/non-Hispanic􀈱whites

Answer: C

Diff:􀈱3 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱26

10) The􀈱term􀈱􀈈compression􀈱of􀈱morbidity􀈈􀈱refers􀈱to:

A) fewer􀈱people􀈱dying􀈱from􀈱disease

B) functional􀈱decline􀈱due􀈱to􀈱disease􀈱is􀈱minimized

C) years􀈱of􀈱healthy􀈱life􀈱expectancy

D) illness􀈱affecting􀈱only􀈱the􀈱last􀈱few􀈱years􀈱of􀈱life

Answer: D

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11) The􀈱distinction􀈱between􀈱active􀈱and􀈱dependent􀈱life􀈱expectancy􀈱is􀈱useful􀈱in􀈱illustrating:

A) differences􀈱between􀈱men􀈱and􀈱women

B) that􀈱not􀈱all􀈱gains􀈱in􀈱life􀈱expectancy􀈱are􀈱positive

C) that􀈱most􀈱of􀈱the􀈱gain􀈱in􀈱life􀈱expectancy􀈱is􀈱a􀈱negative􀈱gain

D) the􀈱advantages􀈱of􀈱increased􀈱life􀈱expectancy􀈱for􀈱ethnic􀈱minorities

Answer: B

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱28

12) A􀈱major􀈱problem􀈱with􀈱the􀈱cross-sectional􀈱research􀈱method􀈱is:

A) respondents􀈱become􀈱test􀈱wise

B) respondent􀈱attrition􀈱(loss􀈱of􀈱subjects)􀈱can􀈱occur􀈱over􀈱time

C) cohort􀈱effects􀈱may􀈱emerge􀈱rather􀈱than􀈱the􀈱effects􀈱of􀈱aging

D) the􀈱message􀈱of􀈱measurement􀈱may􀈱change􀈱over􀈱time

Answer: C

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱33

13) Regarding􀈱the􀈱Gerontological􀈱Society􀈱of􀈱America􀈱and􀈱its􀈱publications:

A) the􀈱Journals􀈱of􀈱Gerontology􀈱deal􀈱primarily􀈱with􀈱the􀈱psychology􀈱of􀈱aging

B) this􀈱organization􀈱focuses􀈱on􀈱elders􀈇􀈱social􀈱welfare

C) this􀈱is􀈱a􀈱national􀈱organization􀈱of􀈱physicians􀈱interested􀈱in􀈱older􀈱patients

D) this􀈱organization􀈱includes􀈱educators,􀈱researchers,􀈱and􀈱clinicians

Answer: D

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105

14) Which􀈱of􀈱the􀈱following􀈱institutions􀈱and􀈱settings􀈱have􀈱contributed􀈱significantly􀈱to􀈱the􀈱study􀈱of

aging􀈱during􀈱the􀈱1950s􀈱and􀈱1960s?

A) The􀈱Baltimore􀈱Longitudinal􀈱Study B)The􀈱Alaska􀈱Institute􀈱of􀈱Aging

C) The􀈱North􀈱Dakota􀈱Institute􀈱on􀈱Aging D)The􀈱New􀈱England􀈱Centenarian􀈱Study

Answer: A

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15) A􀈱major􀈱advantage􀈱of􀈱longitudinal􀈱research􀈱designs􀈱is􀈱that􀈱they:

A) allow􀈱for􀈱practice􀈱effects

B) eliminate􀈱cohort􀈱effects

C) allow􀈱a􀈱distinction􀈱between􀈱age􀈱and􀈱time􀈱by􀈱testing

D) compare􀈱different􀈱groups

Answer: B

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16) Which􀈱two􀈱effects􀈱are􀈱confounded􀈱in􀈱cross-sectional􀈱research?

A) age􀈱and􀈱cohort B)age􀈱and􀈱time-of-measurement

C) cohort􀈱and􀈱time-of-measurement D)cohort􀈱and􀈱practice

Answer: A

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱33

17) Which􀈱two􀈱effects􀈱are􀈱confounded􀈱in􀈱longitudinal􀈱research?

A) age􀈱and􀈱cohort B)age􀈱and􀈱time-of-measurement

C) cohort􀈱and􀈱time-of-measurement D)cohort􀈱and􀈱practice

Answer: B

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱33

18) A􀈱valid􀈱measure􀈱is􀈱one􀈱that:

A) yields􀈱the􀈱same􀈱result􀈱from􀈱repeated􀈱measurements

B) accurately􀈱reflects􀈱the􀈱concept􀈱it􀈱is􀈱intended􀈱to􀈱measure

C) is􀈱used􀈱only􀈱in􀈱cross-sectional􀈱studies

D) is􀈱used􀈱only􀈱in􀈱psychological􀈱testing

Answer: B

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19) A􀈱researcher􀈱wants􀈱to􀈱determine􀈱the􀈱range􀈱of􀈱oral􀈱disease􀈱among􀈱the􀈱older􀈱population􀈱by

examining􀈱the􀈱mouths􀈱of􀈱all􀈱200􀈱residents􀈱of􀈱a􀈱nursing􀈱home.􀈱The􀈱findings􀈱cannot􀈱be

generalized􀈱to􀈱all􀈱older􀈱people􀈱because:

A) the􀈱sample􀈱is􀈱not􀈱valid B)the􀈱data􀈱are􀈱not􀈱reliable

C) the􀈱concept􀈱is􀈱not􀈱correctly􀈱measured D)the􀈱sample􀈱is􀈱not􀈱representative

Answer: D

Diff:􀈱3 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱36

20) Selective􀈱dropout􀈱from􀈱longitudinal􀈱studies􀈱results􀈱in:

A) poorer􀈱test􀈱scores􀈱with􀈱time

B) healthier􀈱and􀈱more􀈱motivated􀈱elders􀈱in􀈱the􀈱final􀈱sample

C) sicker􀈱and􀈱less􀈱educated􀈱elders􀈱in􀈱the􀈱final􀈱sample

D) few􀈱differences􀈱between􀈱drop-outs􀈱and􀈱those􀈱who􀈱remain

Answer: B

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱35

106

21) In􀈱all􀈱organ􀈱systems􀈱normal􀈱declines􀈱occur:

A) after􀈱age􀈱30 B)in􀈱one􀈇s􀈱5th􀈱decade

C) after􀈱a􀈱physical􀈱trauma D)after􀈱age􀈱60

Answer: A

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22) Females􀈱born􀈱in􀈱2005􀈱have􀈱an􀈱average􀈱life􀈱expectancy􀈱of:

A) 75.2􀈱years B)80.4􀈱years C)89.5􀈱years D)99.5􀈱years

Answer: B

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23) What􀈱concept􀈱captures􀈱how􀈱earlier􀈱life􀈱experiences􀈱and􀈱decisions􀈱affect􀈱opportunities􀈱in􀈱later

life?

A) Life􀈱course B)Person-environment

C) Active-aging D)Environmental􀈱press

Answer: A

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱8

24) Who􀈱wrote􀈱one􀈱of􀈱the􀈱first􀈱textbooks􀈱on􀈱aging􀈱called􀈱􀈈The􀈱History􀈱of􀈱Life􀈱and􀈱Death􀈈?

A) Roger􀈱Bacon B)Ivan􀈱Pavlov

C) Nathan􀈱Shock D)Adolph􀈱Quetelet

Answer: A

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25) The􀈱expansion􀈱of􀈱research􀈱in􀈱social􀈱gerontology􀈱in􀈱the􀈱late􀈱19th􀈱century􀈱and􀈱early􀈱20th􀈱century

is􀈱due􀈱to:

A) the􀈱growth􀈱of􀈱the􀈱population􀈱over􀈱age􀈱65

B) the􀈱need􀈱to􀈱modify􀈱policies􀈱for􀈱an􀈱older􀈱population

C) a􀈱mandate􀈱by􀈱universities􀈱and􀈱research􀈱institutes

D) both􀈱A􀈱and􀈱B

Answer: D

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱38

26) In􀈱general,􀈱the􀈱chronological􀈱age􀈱of􀈱most􀈱people􀈱is􀈱consistent􀈱with􀈱their􀈱psychological􀈱and

biological􀈱age.

Answer: FALSE

Diff:􀈱1 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱4

27) More􀈱older􀈱adults􀈱today􀈱subsist􀈱on􀈱incomes􀈱below􀈱the􀈱poverty􀈱level􀈱compared􀈱to􀈱the􀈱late

1950s.

Answer: FALSE

Diff:􀈱1 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱27

28) Relocating􀈱a􀈱frail􀈱elder􀈱to􀈱a􀈱nursing􀈱home􀈱is􀈱an􀈱example􀈱of􀈱increased􀈱environmental􀈱press􀈱in

Lawton􀈱and􀈱Nahemow􀈇s􀈱model.

Answer: TRUE

Diff:􀈱3 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱9

29) Personal􀈱competence􀈱in􀈱the􀈱person-environment􀈱includes􀈱family􀈱members􀈇􀈱assistance􀈱to􀈱the

older􀈱person.

Answer: FALSE

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107

30) The􀈱study􀈱of􀈱aging􀈱is􀈱primarily􀈱a􀈱study􀈱of􀈱diseases.

Answer: FALSE

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31) Life􀈱expectancy􀈱refers􀈱to􀈱the􀈱average􀈱years􀈱of􀈱life􀈱one􀈱can􀈱expect􀈱to􀈱live,􀈱whereas􀈱maximum􀈱life

span􀈱refers􀈱to􀈱the􀈱maximum􀈱number􀈱of􀈱years􀈱a􀈱given􀈱species􀈱is􀈱expected􀈱to􀈱live.

Answer: TRUE

Diff:􀈱1 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱13

32) Life􀈱expectancy􀈱after􀈱age􀈱80􀈱in􀈱the􀈱United􀈱States􀈱is􀈱longer􀈱than􀈱in􀈱Japan􀈱and􀈱Sweden.

Answer: TRUE

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱15

33) Racial􀈱crossover􀈱effect􀈱describes􀈱the􀈱tendency􀈱for􀈱Caucasians􀈱to􀈱live􀈱longer􀈱than􀈱African

Americans.

Answer: FALSE

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34) Today􀈇s􀈱cohort􀈱of􀈱young-old􀈱has􀈱the􀈱same􀈱life􀈱expectancy,􀈱whether􀈱they􀈱are􀈱white􀈱or􀈱persons

of􀈱color.

Answer: FALSE

Diff:􀈱1 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱14,􀈱24

35) The􀈱proportion􀈱of􀈱people􀈱aged􀈱65􀈱and􀈱older􀈱among􀈱ethnic􀈱minority􀈱groups􀈱will􀈱increase􀈱in􀈱the

21st􀈱century.

Answer: TRUE

Diff:􀈱1 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱24-25

36) Surveys􀈱of􀈱the􀈱health􀈱status􀈱of􀈱young-old􀈱Americans􀈱today􀈱provide􀈱considerable􀈱support􀈱for

compressed􀈱morbidity􀈱in􀈱the􀈱future.

Answer: TRUE

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37) Cross-sectional􀈱research􀈱designs􀈱are􀈱the􀈱best􀈱method􀈱to􀈱determine􀈱causation.

Answer: FALSE

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱33

38) Older􀈱people􀈱who􀈱drop􀈱out􀈱of􀈱longitudinal􀈱studies􀈱tend􀈱to􀈱be􀈱those􀈱who􀈱score􀈱lower􀈱on

intelligence􀈱tests􀈱and􀈱are􀈱more􀈱socially􀈱isolated.

Answer: TRUE

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱34

39) Longitudinal􀈱studies􀈱are􀈱currently􀈱the􀈱most􀈱widely􀈱used􀈱research􀈱designs􀈱in􀈱gerontology.

Answer: FALSE

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱33

40) Sequential􀈱designs􀈱are􀈱particularly􀈱useful􀈱in􀈱studies􀈱of􀈱cognitive􀈱changes􀈱with􀈱aging.

Answer: TRUE

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱35

41) ________􀈱focuses􀈱on􀈱how􀈱to􀈱prevent􀈱or􀈱manage􀈱the􀈱diseases􀈱of􀈱aging.

Answer: Geriatrics

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108

42) ________􀈱refers􀈱to􀈱an􀈱individual􀈇s􀈱changing􀈱roles􀈱and􀈱relationships􀈱with􀈱family􀈱and􀈱friends,􀈱in

both􀈱paid􀈱and􀈱unpaid􀈱productive􀈱roles,􀈱and􀈱within􀈱organizations.

Answer: Social􀈱aging

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43) ________􀈱is􀈱the􀈱process􀈱of􀈱optimizing􀈱opportunities􀈱for􀈱health,􀈱participation,􀈱and􀈱security􀈱in

order􀈱to􀈱enhance􀈱quality􀈱of􀈱life􀈱as􀈱people􀈱age.

Answer: Active􀈱aging

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱7

44) In􀈱1900􀈱the􀈱average􀈱life􀈱expectancy􀈱at􀈱birth􀈱in􀈱the􀈱United􀈱States􀈱was􀈱________􀈱years.

Answer: 47

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱13

45) Females􀈱born􀈱in􀈱the􀈱U.S.􀈱in􀈱2005􀈱can􀈱expect􀈱to􀈱reach􀈱________􀈱years.

Answer: 80.4

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱14

46) Explain􀈱the􀈱concept􀈱of􀈱the􀈱active􀈱aging􀈱framework.

Answer: The􀈱active􀈱aging􀈱framework􀈱is􀈱the􀈱process􀈱of􀈱optimizing􀈱opportunities􀈱for􀈱health,

participation,􀈱and􀈱security􀈱in􀈱order􀈱to􀈱enhance􀈱quality􀈱of􀈱life􀈱as􀈱people􀈱age.􀈱It􀈱shifts􀈱our

thinking􀈱of􀈱old􀈱age􀈱as􀈱a􀈱time􀈱of􀈱passivity􀈱to􀈱one􀈱of􀈱continued􀈱participation􀈱in􀈱life􀈱and

that􀈱aging􀈱is􀈱a􀈱lifelong􀈱process.

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱7

47) Identify􀈱the􀈱main􀈱reason􀈱the􀈱older􀈱population􀈱is􀈱growing.

Answer: One􀈱of􀈱the􀈱key􀈱factors􀈱contributing􀈱to􀈱the􀈱growth􀈱of􀈱older􀈱population􀈱is􀈱longer􀈱life

expectancy.􀈱In􀈱1900,􀈱the􀈱average􀈱life􀈱expectancy􀈱was􀈱47􀈱years.􀈱By􀈱2005,􀈱the􀈱average􀈱life

expectancy􀈱was􀈱77.9􀈱years.

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱13-14

48) What􀈱is􀈱a􀈱centenarian􀈱and􀈱what􀈱have􀈱studies􀈱found􀈱about􀈱centenarians􀈱and􀈱their􀈱lives?

Answer: Centenarians􀈱are􀈱individuals􀈱who􀈱are􀈱over􀈱100􀈱years􀈱old.􀈱There􀈱are􀈱a􀈱variety􀈱of􀈱studies

on􀈱these􀈱individuals􀈱and􀈱they􀈱look􀈱at􀈱both􀈱genetic􀈱and􀈱social􀈱factors.􀈱Genetic􀈱factors

determine􀈱how􀈱well􀈱an􀈱older􀈱person􀈱copes􀈱with􀈱disease,􀈱but􀈱environmental􀈱factors􀈱may

also􀈱influence􀈱overall􀈱health􀈱and􀈱functional􀈱ability.

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱18-20

49) What􀈱can􀈱you􀈱tell􀈱about􀈱a􀈱population􀈱by􀈱looking􀈱at􀈱its􀈱population􀈱pyramid?

Answer: A􀈱population􀈱pyramid􀈱tells􀈱you􀈱about􀈱a􀈱population􀈱age􀈱composition􀈱and􀈱gender

composition􀈱as􀈱well􀈱as􀈱support􀈱ratios.􀈱It􀈱breaks􀈱up􀈱the􀈱population􀈱into􀈱10-year􀈱cohorts.

As􀈱the􀈱population􀈱ages􀈱and􀈱fewer􀈱children􀈱are􀈱born,􀈱the􀈱pyramid􀈱becomes􀈱more

column-shaped.

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱20-23

50) Discuss􀈱the􀈱pros􀈱and􀈱cons􀈱of􀈱using􀈱longitudinal􀈱research􀈱design􀈱for􀈱studying􀈱gerontological

topics.

Answer: Eliminates􀈱cohort􀈱effects􀈱by􀈱studying􀈱the􀈱same􀈱people􀈱over􀈱time,􀈱but􀈱does􀈱not􀈱allow􀈱a

distinction􀈱between􀈱age􀈱and􀈱time􀈱of􀈱testing,􀈱cannot􀈱separate􀈱effects􀈱of􀈱other􀈱variables

and􀈱has􀈱the􀈱potential􀈱for􀈱practice􀈱effects.􀈱Attrition􀈱and􀈱resulting􀈱selective􀈱dropout􀈱can

compromise􀈱a􀈱longitudinal􀈱study.

Diff:􀈱2 Page􀈱Ref:􀈱15-17

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