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Chapter 8: The
Terrestrial Planets and Earth’s Moon
Learning
Objectives
Define the bold-faced vocabulary terms within the chapter.
Multiple Choice: 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 50
Short Answer: 8.1 Impacts Help Shape the
Evolution of the Planets
Name the four ways in which a planet’s surface can be
changed.
Short Answer: Relate processes seen on Earth to geological
features observed on other planets or moons (comparative planetology).
Multiple Choice: 7, 18, 25, 26
Short Answer: Interpret geological features on other planets
or moons in terms of the four ways in which a planet’s surface can be changed
to deduce the geological history of that object.
Multiple Choice: 5, 14, 15, 16
Short Answer
Use the presence of absence of resurfacing to determine the
history and relative ages of a planet’s or moon’s surface.
Multiple Choice: 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 17
Short Answer: Describe how impact cratering changes the
surface of a planet or moon.
Multiple Choice: 19, 21
Short Answer: Assess whether features on a planet’s or moon’s
surface are likely to have resulted from ordinary or giant impacts.
Multiple Choice: 11, 13, 20
Short Answer8.2 Radioactive Dating Tells Us
the Age of the Moon and the Solar System
Establish how the measurement of radioisotopes is used as a
clock.
Multiple Choice: 22, 23, 43
Short Answer: 8.3 The Surface of a
Terrestrial Planet Is Affected by Processes in the Interior
Explain how seismology is used to probe the inner structure
of a planet.
Multiple Choice: 37, 38, 39, 40
Short Answer: Relate the sources of heating and cooling of a
planet’s or moon’s interior.
Multiple Choice: 34, 35, 36, 41, 44, 45
Short Answer: Summarize the evidence for planetary magnetic
fields.
Multiple Choice: 27, 31, 42, 46
8.4 Planetary Surfaces Evolve through
Tectonism
Show how convection of magma leads to plate tectonics.
Multiple Choice: 55, 56
Differentiate plate spreading, plate convergence, subduction,
and faults.
Multiple Choice: 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58
Short Answer: 8.5 Volcanism Signifies a
Geologically Active Planet
Explain the differences between a shield and composite
volcano.
Short Answer: Summarize the evidence for volcanic activity on
other planets and moons.
Multiple Choice: 59, 60, 61, 62, 63
Short Answer: 8.6 The Geological Evidence
for Water
Identify causes of weathering and erosion of a planet or
moon’s surface.
Multiple Choice: 64
Short Answer: Explain how astronomers have searched for
evidence of water on other planets or moons.
Multiple Choice: 65, 66, 67
Short Answer: 27
Working It Out 8.1
Use abundances of parent and daughter elements to determine
the age of a sample of material.
Multiple Choice: 68, 69, 70
Short Answer: Working It Out 8.2
Calculate how rapidly a planet can lose internal energy.
Multiple Choice: 71
Short Answer: MULTIPLE
CHOICE
1.
Secondary craters are
a.
craters formed by water
impact.
b.
craters formed by
ejecta during another impact.
c.
a crater that forms
later, inside a larger crater.
d.
craters formed on a new
surface.
e.
craters formed on
planets other than Earth.
2.
Rocks less than 100
meters (m) in diameter, when they are in space, are called
a.
meteorites.
b.
meteoroids.
c.
meteors.
d.
asteroids.
3.
Space rocks less than
100 m in diameter, when they hit the ground, are called
a.
meteorites.
b.
meteoroids.
c.
meteors.
d.
asteroids.
4.
Space rocks less than
100 m in diameter, when they burn up in the atmosphere, are called
a.
meteorites.
b.
meteoroids.
c.
meteors.
d.
asteroids.
5.
Which of the following
is not a factor that helps explain Earth’s lack of craters compared to
the Moon?
a.
wind erosion
b.
larger atmosphere
c.
higher density interior
d.
liquid water on surface
e.
active tectonics and volcanism
6.
Based on the number of
impact craters observed per square meter on their surface, place these
terrestrial planets in order from youngest to oldest surface.
a.
Earth, Venus, Mercury
b.
Venus, Earth, Mercury
c.
Mercury, Venus, Earth
d.
Earth, Mercury, Venus
e.
Venus, Mercury, Earth
7.
Flows of material
surrounding Martian craters suggest
a.
volcanism in its
interior.
b.
the presence of water
in surface rocks.
c.
active plate tectonics
at the time of impact.
d.
a very thin crust.
e.
the presence of ice.
8.
According to studies of
impact cratering, which of these terrestrial objects has, on average, the
oldest surface?
a.
Mercury
b.
Venus
c.
Earth
d.
Mars
e.
the Moon
9.
Compared to the
dark-colored regions of the surface of the Moon, the light-colored regions are
approximately
a.
1 billion years older.
b.
1 billion years
younger.
c.
1 million years older.
d.
1 million years
younger.
e.
a few thousand years
younger.
10.
Mars, Venus, and Earth
are much less heavily cratered than Mercury and the Moon. This is explained by
the fact that
a.
the rate of cratering
in the early Solar System was strongly dependent on location.
b.
Mars, Venus, and Earth
have thicker atmospheres.
c.
Earth and Venus were
shielded from impacts by the Moon, and Mars was protected by the asteroid belt.
d.
Mars, Venus, and Earth
were geologically active for a longer period of time than Mercury and the Moon.
e.
Mars, Venus, and Earth
are much larger in size than Mercury and the Moon.
11.
Which is not a
reason that we suspect that the extinction of the dinosaurs was caused by an
explosive impact by a large object?
a.
Many dinosaur fossils
are found below the K-T boundary, but none above it.
b.
The material in the K-T
boundary is rich in iridium.
c.
Soot is found in the
material in the K-T boundary, which probably came from fires caused by the
impact.
d.
An impact crater has
been found near Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula.
e.
The remaining meteorite
has been identified on the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico.
12.
The smallest number of
craters per square meter are found on the surface of
a.
Mercury.
b.
Mars.
c.
Venus.
d.
Earth.
13.
Which object would have
the least effect on our planet if it were to strike Earth?
a.
a 1-kg asteroid
traveling at 30 km/s
b.
a 5-kg asteroid
traveling at 10 km/s
c.
a 100-kg comet
traveling at 10 km/s
d.
a 1,000-kg Mini Cooper
car traveling at 100 miles/h, which is 0.05 km/s
e.
a 3,000-kg truck
traveling at 35 miles/h, which is 0.02 km/s
14.
Which of these three
lunar surfaces shown in the figure below is the oldest?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
A and C are probably
about the same age and are older than B.
e.
It is impossible to
tell without radioactive dating.
15.
Which of the three
lunar surfaces shown in the figure below is the youngest?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
A and C are probably
about the same age and are younger than B.
e.
It is impossible to
tell without radioactive dating.
16.
Which list below gives
the correct order of the age of the three lunar surfaces shown in the the
figure below going from youngest to oldest?
a.
A, B, C
b.
A, C, B
c.
B, A, C
d.
B, C, A
e.
C, B, A
17.
Based on the age of the
light- and dark-colored regions of the Moon and the number of craters observed
in these regions, we know that impacts in the inner Solar System
a.
rapidly decreased
approximately 1 billion years ago.
b.
rapidly decreased
approximately 3 billion years ago.
c.
were very rare in the
last 4.6 billion years.
d.
occurred at
approximately a constant rate throughout most of the age of the Solar System.
e.
never occur anymore.
18.
Which of the following
statements is false?
a.
The surface of Venus
has very few craters primarily because asteroids burn up in its thick
atmosphere.
b.
Geological features and
the chemical composition of some rocks on Mars suggest liquid water flowed on
the surface in the past, but not at the present time.
c.
Darker regions of the
Moon’s surface have fewer craters and are approximately 1 billion years younger
than the lighter regions.
d.
Volcanoes on Mars are
larger, on average, than Earth’s volcanoes because Mars does not have moving
continental plates.
e.
Impact craters on Earth
are erased over time because of erosion due to water and the recycling of its
crust.
19.
Studies of the amount
of cratering at different locations on the Moon indicate that
a.
the rate of cratering
in the Solar System has changed dramatically over time.
b.
the younger lunar
surfaces are hundreds of billions of years younger than the oldest surfaces.
c.
the Moon has never been
geologically active at any point in its history.
d.
most of the heavy cratering
in the Solar System occurred before Earth formed.
e.
cratering is no longer
occurring in the Solar System.
20.
Which object would have
the largest impact if it were to strike Earth?
a.
a 1-m diameter asteroid
moving at 100 m/s
b.
a 1-m diameter comet
moving at 100 m/s
c.
a 10-m diameter comet
moving at 10 m/s
d.
a 10-m diameter
asteroid moving at 10 m/s
e.
a 1-m diameter comet
moving at 50 m/s
21.
To survive passage
through Earth’s atmosphere without burning or breaking up before it hits the
ground, an asteroid must be
a.
at least 1 m in size.
b.
at least 10 m in size.
c.
at least 100 m in size.
d.
at least 1 kilometer
(km) in size.
e.
at least 1,000 km in
size.
22.
What is the age of our
Solar System?
a.
4.6 billion years
b.
4.6 million years
c.
13.7 trillion years
d.
13.7 billion years
e.
13.7 million years
23.
Of the following
methods, the age of the Solar System can be determined most accurately by
a.
measuring the number of
craters per square meter on Mercury.
b.
radioactive dating of
rocks retrieved from the Moon.
c.
carbon dating of rocks
from mountains on Earth.
d.
measurement of the
magnetic field variations in rocks under Earth’s oceans.
e.
measuring the rate of
energy production in the Sun.
24.
Differentiation refers to materials that are separate based on their
a.
weight.
b.
mass.
c.
volume.
d.
density.
e.
heat capacity.
25.
The observation that
the Moon’s average density is similar to the density of Earth’s _________
supports the collision theory of the Moon’s origin.
a.
oceans
b.
average density
c.
core
d.
atmosphere
e.
mantle
26.
Which of the following
statements is false?
a.
Approximately 65
million years ago, a 10-km-wide asteroid struck Earth and wiped out more than
50 percent of all living species.
b.
The Moon probably was
formed by a collision between a Mars-sized body and Earth.
c.
During summer in the
northern hemisphere of Mars, the polar ice cap melts and liquid water flows
outward from it in rivers.
d.
The surface of Venus is
relatively young, with an estimated age of less than 1 billion years.
e.
Mercury has many
fractures and faults on its surface that probably arose when it cooled very
rapidly and shrank.
27.
The dynamo theory says
that a planet will have a strong magnetic field if it has
a.
fast rotation and a
solid core.
b.
slow rotation and a
liquid core.
c.
fast rotation and a
liquid core.
d.
slow rotation and a
solid core.
e.
fast rotation and a
gaseous core.
28.
A wave whose amplitude
is perpendicular to its direction of motion is
a.
longitudinal.
b.
transverse.
c.
sound.
d.
primary.
e.
seismic.
29.
The balance between
pressure and weight is known as
a.
hydrostatic
equilibrium.
b.
gravitational
equilibrium.
c.
pressure balancing.
d.
mantel pressure.
e.
differentiation.
30.
Magnetosphere refers to
a.
the metallic core of
Earth.
b.
the liquid mantel of
Earth.
c.
the magnetic dynamo
effect.
d.
a region of magnetic
field around Earth.
e.
Earth’s ionosphere.
31.
Which terrestrial
planet has the strongest magnetic field?
a.
Mercury
b.
Venus
c.
Earth
d.
Mars
e.
The Moon
32.
Magma on Earth is
liquid rock from the
a.
core.
b.
outer core.
c.
upper mantle.
d.
lower mantle.
e.
center.
33.
Maria refer to a
geological feature located on
a.
Mercury.
b.
Venus.
c.
Mars.
d.
Earth.
e.
The Moon.
34.
What is the main reason
that Earth’s interior is liquid today?
a.
tidal force of the Moon
on Earth
b.
seismic waves that
travel through Earth’s interior
c.
decay of radioactive
elements
d.
convective motions in
the mantle
e.
pressure on the core
from Earth’s outer layers.
35.
Which of the following
will not be a consequence of Earth’s consumption of the bulk of its
radioactive “fuel” in the future?
a.
Earth will spin more
slowly on its axis.
b.
The interior of the
planet will solidify.
c.
Volcanic activity will
cease.
d.
Continental drift will
no longer occur.
e.
Earth’s mass will
decrease.
36.
What will eventually
happen to Earth when radioactive decays in its interior cease?
a.
Earth’s core will
solidify.
b.
Continental drift will
cease.
c.
Earthquakes will cease.
d.
The strength of Earth’s
magnetic field will decrease.
e.
all of the above
37.
Suppose an earthquake
occurs on an imaginary planet. Scientists on the other side of the planet
detect primary waves but not secondary waves after the quake occurs. This
suggests that
a.
part of the planet’s
interior is liquid.
b.
all of the planet’s
interior is solid.
c.
the planet has an iron
core.
d.
the planet’s interior
consists entirely of rocky materials.
e.
The planet’s mantle is
liquid.
38.
Which layer in the
figure below represents Earth’s liquid mantle?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
39.
Which layer in the
figure below represents Earth’s liquid core?
a.
A
b.
B
c.
C
d.
D
40.
The fact that Earth’s
interior is differentiated suggests that
a.
it formed first from
denser material and then afterward accreted lighter material.
b.
it has both a liquid
and solid core.
c.
it was entirely liquid
at some point in the past.
d.
only the crust is
solid; the rest of Earth’s interior is liquid.
e.
it formed first from
lighter material, then afterward accreted heavier material.
41.
The Moon has a diameter
that is approximately one-fourth that of Earth. If these objects’ interiors are
heated by radioactive decays and the total amount of energy in decays is
proportional to the object’s volume, how does the amount of internal heat the
Moon has compare to that of Earth?
a.
The Moon’s heating rate
is 8 times that of Earth’s.
b.
The Moon’s heating rate
is 0.5 times that of Earth’s.
c.
The Moon’s heating rate
is 4 times that of Earth’s.
d.
The heating rates are
about the same.
42.
Which of the following
is not a requirement for a planetary magnetic dynamo?
a.
rapid rotation
b.
solid iron core
c.
convective motions
d.
charged particles in
the interior
e.
liquid interior
43.
Mars has a diameter
that is approximately half that of Earth’s. If the interiors of these planets
are heated by radioactive decays, how does the heating rate of Mars’ interior
compare to that of Earth’s?
a.
Mars’s heating rate is
0.125 times that of Earth’s.
b.
Mars’s heating rate is
8 times that of Earth’s.
c.
Mars’s heating rate is
0.5 times that of Earth’s.
d.
Mars’s heating rate is
4 times that of Earth’s.
e.
The heating rates are
about the same.
44.
In Earth’s crust,
lower-density igneous rock such as _________ make up the continents, and
higher-density volcanic rock such as _________ make up the ocean floor.
a.
limestone; granite
b.
granite; iron-rich
silicates
c.
granite; basalt
d.
limestone; sandstone
e.
marble; basalt
45.
Earth’s innermost core
is solid, not liquid, because
a.
the core temperature is
too low to melt iron.
b.
differentiation caused
all of the heavy, solid material to sink to the bottom while Earth was forming.
c.
all the liquid has
moved up into the mantle via convection.
d.
the pressure is too
high for the material to be in a liquid state.
e.
iron does not melt.
46.
Based on the assumption
that a liquid conducting core and rapid rotation both are required for a
magnetic dynamo to operate, which terrestrial planets would you expect to have
magnetic fields?
a.
only Earth
b.
only Earth, Venus, and
Mars
c.
only Earth and Mars
d.
only Earth and Mercury
e.
Earth, Venus, Mars, and
Mercury
47.
The figure below shows
the continental plates of Earth and the locations of volcanoes and earthquakes.
Which statement is false?
a.
Earth’s crust is broken
up into 13 separate continental plates.
b.
Volcanoes occur more
often where two plates are coming together rather than spreading apart.
c.
Earthquakes happen
where two plates come together and when they spread apart.
d.
The Atlantic Ocean is
getting smaller with time.
e.
Southern California in
the United States and Baja in Mexico are sliding northeastward relative to the
rest of the North American Plate.
48.
Which of the following
are not sites of frequent volcanic and earthquake activity on Earth?
a.
local hotspots
b.
spreading centers
c.
subduction zones
d.
transform faults
e.
inactive faults
49.
What would you study in
order to determine the timescale on which Earth’s magnetic field reverses
direction?
a.
a spreading center on
the sea floor
b.
a volcano in the middle
of a continental plate
c.
a fault at the border between
two plates
d.
a subduction zone on
the sea floor
e.
the rate of motion of
tectonic plates
50.
The lithosphere of a
planet is
a.
the molten layer under
the crust.
b.
the layer of the
atmosphere in which clouds form.
c.
the upper layer of its
atmosphere.
d.
its solid surface.
e.
its frozen surface.
51.
Continental drift
occurs at a typical rate of a few
a.
mm/yr.
b.
cm/yr.
c.
m/yr.
d.
km/yr.
e.
nm/yr.
52.
Plate tectonics is not
responsible for
a.
mountain ranges.
b.
canyons.
c.
volcanoes.
d.
ocean trenches.
e.
continental drift.
53.
The large feature
spanning the planet _________ shown in the figure below is called _________.
a.
Mars; Olympus Mons
b.
Venus; Valles Marineris
c.
Venus; Olympus Mons
d.
Mars; Valles Marineris
e.
Mercury; Caloris Basin
54.
The large feature
spanning the surface of Mars in shown the figure below is _________ and
probably was created by _________.
a.
an impact crater; an
asteroid or comet
b.
a dry riverbed; flowing
water
c.
a canyon; a rapid
cooling of the crust
d.
a canyon; flowing water
e.
a highway; an extinct
civilization
55.
A rising convection
cell in the mantle gives rise to
a.
a subduction zone.
b.
a sliding plate.
c.
converging plates.
d.
separating plates.
56.
If you start off with
16 atoms of a parent radioisotope, after how many half-lives will only one atom
of the parent remain?
a.
2
b.
4
c.
8
d.
15
e.
16
57.
The North American
Plate and the Pacific Plate are sliding past one another at a rate of
approximately 3 cm/yr. San Francisco, which is located on the edge of the North
American Plate, is sliding southward toward Los Angles, which is located on the
Pacific Plate. If they are currently separated by a distance of 600 km, how
many years will it take for the two cities to meet?
a.
3 million years
b.
300,000 years
c.
20 million years
d.
20,000 years
e.
600 years
58.
If the Himalaya
mountain range is presently 8,000 m in height and is rising at a rate of 0.5 m
per century because of the convergence of two continental plates, how long did
it take to create this mountain range?
a.
1,600 years
b.
160,000 years
c.
1.6 million years
d.
160 million years
e.
1.6 billion years
59.
The feature shown in
the image below is a(n) _________, the largest one of its kind in the Solar
System, and is located on the planet _________.
a.
impact crater; Mercury
b.
mountain; Venus
c.
mountain; Earth
d.
volcano; Mars
e.
impact crater; the Moon
60.
The feature on Mars
shown in the image below is _________ named _________.
a.
an impact crater;
Meteor Crater
b.
a volcano; Olympus Mons
c.
a canyon; Valles
Marineris
d.
a canyon; Caloris Basin
e.
a mountain; Mount Neil
Armstrong
61.
Which terrestrial
object shows the least evidence of recent volcanic activity?
a.
Mercury
b.
Venus
c.
Earth
d.
Mars
e.
the Moon
62.
The largest volcanic
mountains in the Solar System are found on
a.
Mercury.
b.
Venus.
c.
Earth.
d.
Mars.
e.
the Moon.
63.
Which is not a
reason for the large size of volcanoes on Mars as compared to Earth’s smaller
volcanoes?
a.
absence of plate
tectonics
b.
lack of atmosphere,
therefore no erosion
c.
less gravity than other
terrestrial planets
d.
many repeated eruptions
64.
Present-day erosion on
the surface of the Moon is primarily caused by
a.
flowing water.
b.
wind.
c.
solar radiation.
d.
dust storms.
e.
tectonic shifts.
65.
Which is not a
reason that we suspect Mars once had liquid water on its surface?
a.
Mapping satellites have
detected dry riverbeds.
b.
Rovers have detected
minerals that must have formed in the presence of liquid water.
c.
Mapping satellites have
detected outflow channels coming from impact craters.
d.
The observed presence
of water ice in Mars’s polar icecaps.
66.
We have direct evidence
for the current existence of water on the surface of which terrestrial object?
a.
Mercury
b.
Venus
c.
Mars
d.
Ganymede
e.
Callisto
67.
The rovers named Spirit
and Opportunity that recently explored the surface of Mars discovered
a.
tiny streams of flowing
water too small to be detected by orbiting satellites.
b.
minerals that must have
formed in an environment rich in liquid water.
c.
dust storms that
rapidly erode the surfaces of most geological formations.
d.
the northern polar ice
cap is made primarily of frozen water ice.
e.
the presence of methane
that arises from biological life.
68.
If a radioactive
element has a half-life of 10,000 years, what fraction of it is left in a rock
after 40,000 years?
a.
1/2
b.
1/4
c.
1/8
d.
1/16
e.
1/32
69.
If you obtained a
sample of a meteorite and determined the abundances of uranium (238U)
and lead (207Pb) in it, and found that for every one uranium atom
there were 15 lead atoms, what would be the age of this rock? Note that this
form of uranium decays to this form of lead with a half-life of 700 million
years. For simplicity, you can assume that there was no lead in the rock when
it originally formed.
a.
1.4 billion years
b.
2.8 billion years
c.
4.0 billion years
d.
10.5 billion years
e.
3.6 billion years
70.
If you obtained a
sample of rock from Venus and determined the abundances of uranium (238U)
and lead (207Pb) in it, and found that for every one uranium atom
there were three lead atoms, then what would be the age of this rock? Note that
this form of uranium decays to this form of lead with a half-life of 700
million years. For simplicity, you can assume that there was no lead in the
rock when it originally formed.
a.
1.4 billion years
b.
2.8 billion years
c.
4.0 million years
d.
10.5 billion years
e.
3.6 billion years
71.
Consider an external
solar system in which there are three terrestrial planets. All are located far
from other objects, so tidal forces aren’t significant. If planet A has a
radius of 1 Earth radius, planet B has a radius of 2 Earth radii, and planet C
has a radius of 3 Earth radii, which planet has the highest chance of having at
least a partially liquid core and a detectable magnetic field?
a.
Planet A
b.
Planet B
c.
Planet C
d.
They all have the same
likelihood of having a liquid core.
e.
None of these planets
should have a liquid core because they all should have completely solidified.
SHORT ANSWER
1.
Name the terrestrial
planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun. What are the terrestrial
planets in order of increasing geological age of their surface?
2.
What are the four main
processes that shape the surfaces of the terrestrial planets?
3.
Describe the process of
how an impact crater and secondary impact craters are formed.
4.
Give a specific example
of a historical impact of an asteroid or comet that hit Earth. Why are impact
craters rare on the surface of Earth but plentiful on the Moon?
5.
List the three areas of
the lunar surface shown in the figure below in order of age from youngest to
oldest. Explain your reasoning.
6.
What are two materials
present in the K-T boundary that support the idea that a 10-km-wide asteroid or
comet hit the Yucatan peninsula and caused or accelerated the extinction of
more than 50 percent of all living species on Earth? Explain where these two
materials came from. How long ago did this happen?
7.
What is the age of the
Moon, and how do we know?
8.
Why does Earth have a
stronger magnetic field than any of the other terrestrial planets?
9.
Explain and relate the
terms radioisotope, parent element, daughter product, and half-life.
10.
List the names of the
four layers of Earth’s interior shown in the figure below going from the outer
layer to the innermost layer, and designate whether they are solid or liquid.
11.
Which is denser: the
mantle or crust of Earth? Explain why.
12.
Suppose that two
planets of the same size formed from the same material. If planet A had
differentiated and planet B had not, how would samples of their surface rock
differ? Explain why.
13.
How do we know that
Earth’s magnetic field has flipped its polarity many times in the past?
14.
How did the radioactive
heating of Earth vary from when it was first formed 4.6 billion years ago until
today?
15.
Describe the difference
between seismic primary and secondary waves and why this difference makes them
useful in probing the structure of Earth’s interior.
16.
Describe two reasons
why we know that Earth’s magnetic field cannot be a result of permanent
magnetism in a solid iron core.
17.
Three different things
can happen when two continental plates meet. What is the name given to each,
and briefly explain what happens in each.
18.
What is a fault?
19.
Along which type of
plate boundary are mountain chains commonly found?
20.
Describe one example of
tectonic disruption on Mercury, Venus, and Mars, respectively, and explain how
they formed.
21.
Of the terrestrial
planets, which have active plate tectonics?
22.
What is one major
difference between the volcanoes on Venus and Mars and the volcanoes on Earth?
What might explain this difference?
23.
The American and
African/European continents are now separated by the Atlantic Ocean, which is
approximately 4,000 km wide. Assuming a continental drift rate of 2 cm/yr, how
long has it been since they were one land mass?
24.
Of the terrestrial
planets, which has the most volcanoes?
25.
Explain the differences
between a shield and composite volcano.
26.
How does a chain of shield
volcanoes, like the Hawaiian chain, form?
27.
If there were water on
Mars today, where would it likely be? Name two separate pieces of evidence we
have that Mars once had flowing water on its surface and how this evidence was
obtained.
28.
Rounded pebbles have
been found on Mars. What does this finding suggest?
29.
If you obtained a
sample of Martian rock, determined the abundances of 230U and 207Pb
in it, and found that for every one uranium atom there were seven lead atoms,
what would be the age of this rock? Note that 230U decays to 207Pb
with a half-life of 700 million years. Assume that there was no 207Pb
in the rock when it originally formed.
30.
Which planet would you
expect to have a larger molten core, a planet of Earth’s size or a planet that
had half the radius of Earth? Explain why.
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Chapter 9: Atmospheres
of the Terrestrial Planets
Learning
Objectives
9.1 Atmospheres Change over Time
Explain why planets naturally lose their atmosphere.
Multiple Choice: 2, 3, 5
Short Answer: Describe the origin of terrestrial planets’
secondary atmospheres.
Multiple Choice: 1, 9, 10
Short Answer: Establish why some terrestrial planets do not
have secondary atmospheres today.
Multiple Choice: 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11
9.2 Secondary Atmospheres Evolve
Illustrate why planetary mass affects a planet’s ability to
retain its atmosphere.
Multiple Choice: 12
Describe the atmospheric greenhouse effect.
Multiple Choice: 17, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24
Short Answer: Illustrate how greenhouse gases cause the
greenhouse effect.
Multiple Choice: 14, 19, 20, 25, 26, 29
Short Answer: 9
Compare and contrast the causes for the terrestrial planets
to have their current atmospheres.
Multiple Choice: 13, 15, 16, 27, 28
Short Answer: 6, 8
9.3 Earth’s Atmosphere Has Detailed
Structure
Explain how Earth developed an oxygen-rich atmosphere.
Multiple Choice: 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41,
58
Short Answer: 14
Differentiate the temperature, density, and composition of
the different layers of our atmosphere.
Multiple Choice: 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 55
Short Answer: 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
Illustrate how our magnetosphere causes auroras.
Multiple Choice: 39, 52
Relate a planet’s rate of rotation to its wind patterns.
Multiple Choice: 44, 49, 53, 54, 56
Short Answer: 20
9.4 The Atmospheres of Venus and Mars
Differ from Earth’s
Describe the atmospheric characteristics of Venus and Mars.
Multiple Choice: 59, 62, 63, 67, 69, 70
Characterize the causes for the atmospheric characteristics
of Venus and Mars.
Multiple Choice: 57, 60, 61, 64, 65
Short Answer: 21, 23, 24, 25
9.5 Greenhouse Gases Affect Global
Climates
Compare and contrast weather and climate.
Short Answer: 26
Explain the different factors that cause climate change on a
planet.
Multiple Choice: 66
Short Answer: 22, 27, 29, 30
Summarize the evidence that human activity is causing global
climate change.
Multiple Choice: 68
Short Answer: 28
Working It Out 9.1
Assess whether a planet will hold onto its atmosphere based
on its escape speed at atmospheric temperature.
Compute the average molecular speed of atmospheric gas.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
The major chemical
component of the air we breathe today was deposited on Earth primarily via
a.
volcanic eruptions.
b.
cometary impacts.
c.
asteroid impacts.
d.
chemical reactions in
Earth’s oceans.
2.
What is the reason
Mercury has so little gas in its atmosphere?
a.
Its mass is small.
b.
It has a high
temperature.
c.
It is close to the Sun.
d.
Its escape velocity is
low.
e.
all of the above
3.
Why did the terrestrial
planets lose the majority of the gas in their primary atmospheres?
a.
They were too hot and
their escape velocities too low to hold onto them.
b.
The solar wind was too
strong and blew these gases off the planets.
c.
Their high surface
temperatures made the gas chemically react with the rock.
d.
The initial gases were
so heavy when the planet differentiated that they sank to the core.
4.
Would a nitrogen atom
in Venus’s atmosphere, whose temperature is 740 K, eventually escape into outer
space? Note that a nitrogen atom has a mass that is 14 times that of a hydrogen
atom. Recall that atoms eventually will escape if their average velocity is
greater than 1/6 times the escape velocity of the planet. The escape velocity
of Venus is 10 km/s. For comparison, a hydrogen atom has an average velocity of
2.5 km/s at a temperature of 300 K.
a.
The average velocity of
nitrogen atoms is 0.4 km/s, and nitrogen does not escape.
b.
The average velocity of
nitrogen atoms is 1.0 km/s, and nitrogen does not escape.
c.
The average velocity of
nitrogen atoms is 1.0 km/s, and nitrogen escapes.
d.
The average velocity of
nitrogen atoms is 4.5 km/s, and nitrogen does not escape.
e.
The average velocity of
nitrogen atoms is 4.5 km/s, and nitrogen escapes.
5.
Would water molecules
in Venus’s atmosphere, whose temperature is 740 K, eventually escape into outer
space? Note that a water molecule has a mass that is 18 times that of a hydrogen
atom. The escape velocity of Venus is 10 km/s. For comparison, a hydrogen atom
has an average velocity of 2.5 km/s at a temperature of 300 K.
a.
No, the average
velocity of water molecules is 0.9 km/s.
b.
Yes, the average
velocity of water molecules is 0.9 km/s.
c.
Yes, the average velocity
of water molecules is 2.1 km/s.
d.
No, the average
velocity of water molecules is 2.1 km/s.
e.
Yes, the average
velocity of water molecules is 19 km/s.
6.
If sunlight broke up
water molecules in Venus’s atmosphere, would the hydrogen atoms escape into
outer space? Note that Venus’s temperature is 740 K. Recall that gas eventually
will escape if the average velocity of its atoms is greater than 1/6 times the
escape velocity of the planet. The escape velocity of Venus is 10 km/s.
a.
No, the average
velocity of hydrogen atoms would be 0.8 km/s.
b.
No, the average
velocity of hydrogen atoms would be 3.9 km/s.
c.
Yes, the average
velocity of hydrogen atoms would be 3.9 km/s.
d.
Yes, the average
velocity of hydrogen atoms would be 25 km/s.
e.
No, the average
velocity of hydrogen atoms would be 25 km/s.
7.
If an average hydrogen
atom in Earth’s atmosphere has a velocity of 2.5 km/s, what would be the
average velocity of an oxygen molecule in Earth’s atmosphere? Note that the
atomic mass of an oxygen atom is 16 times that of a hydrogen atom.
a.
0.16 km/s
b.
2.5 km/s
c.
0.62 km/s
d.
0.44 km/s
e.
0.25 km/s
8.
A gas eventually will
escape from a planet’s atmosphere if the average velocity of the atoms exceeds
1/6 times the escape velocity of the planet. If the average velocity of water
vapor in Venus’s atmosphere is 0.9 km/s, would it eventually escape into outer
space? Note that Venus’s mass is 5 × 1024
kg, and its radius is 6,050 km.
a.
Water vapor would
escape because 1/6 times the escape velocity is 0.51 km/s.
b.
Water vapor would not
escape because 1/6 times the escape velocity is 1.7 km/s.
c.
Water vapor would
escape because 1/6 times the escape velocity is 0.42 km/s.
d.
Water vapor would not
escape because 1/6 times the escape velocity is 2.6 km/s.
e.
Water vapor would
escape because 1/6 times the escape velocity is 1.3 km/s.
9.
Which of the following
processes did not contribute gas to Earth’s secondary atmosphere?
a.
volcanism
b.
accretion
c.
oxidation
d.
comet impacts
e.
All of the above
contributed gases to Earth’s secondary atmosphere.
10.
The nitrogen in Earth’s
atmosphere primarily came from
a.
ammonia delivered by
comet impacts.
b.
photosynthesis done by
algae and plants.
c.
oxidation of
silicate-rich minerals.
d.
rock delivered by
asteroid impacts.
e.
its primary atmosphere.
11.
Based solely on mass
and distance from the Sun, which of the following terrestrial planets would you
expect to retain the densest secondary atmosphere?
a.
Mercury
b.
Venus
c.
Mars
d.
the Moon
e.
Earth
12.
Which molecule moves
with the fastest average speed while being bound in Earth’s atmosphere in
thermal equilibrium?
a.
Water, H2O
(atomic mass = 18)
b.
Carbon dioxide, CO2
(atomic mass = 44)
c.
Nitrogen (atomic mass = 28)
d.
Oxygen (atomic mass = 32)
e.
Hydrogen, H2
(atomic mass = 2)
13.
Earth has roughly
_________ times more atmospheric pressure than Mars and _________ times less
than Venus.
a.
10; 10
b.
200; 100
c.
2,000; 2
d.
2; 10
e.
1,000; 200
14.
If the carbon dioxide
in Earth’s rocks were suddenly released into its atmosphere, what would happen?
a.
It would rapidly escape
into space.
b.
It would dissociate
into carbon and oxygen.
c.
It would collect as ice
on the north and south poles.
d.
It would cause a
runaway greenhouse effect.
15.
The presence of gases
such as carbon dioxide and water vapor in a planet’s atmosphere is direct
evidence of _________ in a planet’s history.
a.
high surface
temperatures
b.
volcanic activity
c.
cometary impacts
d.
a lack of asteroid
impacts
e.
the greenhouse effect
16.
The terrestrial
planets, ranked in order of decreasing atmospheric density, are
a.
Venus, Earth, Mars,
Mercury
b.
Venus, Mars, Earth,
Mercury
c.
Mercury, Mars, Earth,
Venus
d.
Mars, Venus, Mercury,
Earth
17.
The main greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets are
a.
oxygen and nitrogen.
b.
methane and ozone.
c.
carbon dioxide and
water vapor.
d.
hydrogen and helium.
e.
methane and ammonia.
18.
Earth releases the
energy it receives from the Sun by emitting _________ radiation.
a.
infrared
b.
visible
c.
ultraviolet (UV)
d.
radio
e.
microwave
19.
In the absence of a
greenhouse effect, what would happen to Earth’s oceans?
a.
They would evaporate.
b.
They would freeze over.
c.
They would be rapidly
absorbed into the surface rocks.
d.
They would dissociate
into ozone and hydrogen.
20.
What makes carbon
dioxide a highly effective greenhouse gas?
a.
It easily absorbs UV
radiation.
b.
It easily absorbs
visible light.
c.
It easily absorbs
infrared radiation.
d.
It easily reacts
chemically with rock.
e.
It easily
photodissociates in the upper atmosphere.
21.
The greenhouse effect
raises Earth’s surface temperature by roughly
a.
0 K.
b.
0.35 K.
c.
3.5 K.
d.
35 K.
e.
350 K.
22.
The greenhouse effect
is the
a.
trapping of infrared
radiation by the atmosphere.
b.
accentuated growth of
plants near the equator, compared to other regions.
c.
capturing of visible
and UV radiation from the Sun the atmosphere.
d.
shielding of life-forms
from solar UV radiation by the ozone layer.
23.
If it were not for the
greenhouse effect on Earth,
a.
there would be no
liquid water on Earth.
b.
life as we know it
would not have developed on Earth.
c.
it would be a much
colder planet.
d.
there would be no
oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere.
e.
All of the above are
results of the greenhouse effect.
24.
If water vapor were
released from Venus’s surface because of tectonic activity into its upper
atmosphere, what would most likely happen to it?
a.
The water vapor would
relieve the greenhouse effect and decrease Venus’s surface temperature.
b.
Water droplets would
condense into rain and form lakes on Venus’s surface.
c.
The water vapor would
chemically react with carbon dioxide and form acid rain.
d.
UV light would break
apart the water molecules, and the hydrogen would be lost into space.
e.
It would rise into the
atmosphere and form hurricane-like storms.
25.
When learning about
light, we predicted that Venus should have a temperature of 250 K based on its
albedo and distance from the Sun. Why is Venus’s observed average surface
temperature equal to 740 K, which is hot enough to melt lead?
a.
Venus has slow,
retrograde rotation, and its seasons are very long.
b.
Venus has many active
volcanoes that release heat into its atmosphere.
c.
Venus has a very thin
atmosphere, and more sunlight falls onto its surface.
d.
Venus has a strong
greenhouse effect.
e.
Venus has a highly
eccentric orbit and is sometimes much closer to the Sun than other times.
26.
In the absence of the
greenhouse effect, the water on the surface of Earth would
a.
escape into outer
space.
b.
remain in liquid form.
c.
vaporize and form
clouds in the atmosphere.
d.
freeze.
e.
be absorbed into rocks.
27.
By examining the
following three images, what can you conclude?
a.
Venus is covered with
clouds.
b.
Earth has a large
amount of liquid water.
c.
Some form of ice does
exist on Mars, but it does not have large amounts of liquid water.
d.
The planets in order
from the least to most dense atmospheres are Venus, Earth, and Mars.
e.
all of the above
28.
Like Mars and Venus,
Earth originally had a significant amount of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere.
Where is the majority of the carbon now?
a.
It has escaped into
outer space.
b.
It is bound up in the
plant life on Earth.
c.
It is bound up in
rocks.
d.
It is dissolved into
the oceans.
e.
It is still in the
atmosphere in the form of complex molecules.
29.
Venus and Earth
probably formed with similar amounts of carbon dioxide in their secondary
atmospheres. Which of the following is true?
a.
The majority of Earth’s
carbon dioxide escaped into space because of its hotter temperature, whereas
Venus’s carbon dioxide remains gravitationally bound to Venus.
b.
The majority of Earth’s
carbon is now bound up in rock, whereas Venus’s remains in its atmosphere.
c.
Earth lost more of its
secondary atmosphere because it was bombarded by more planetesimals than Venus.
d.
The majority of Earth’s
carbon was absorbed by plants during photosynthesis.
e.
Earth and Venus still
have equal amounts of carbon dioxide in their atmospheres.
30.
The major difference in
the composition of Earth’s atmosphere compared to the atmospheres of Venus and
Mars is a direct consequence of
a.
life on Earth.
b.
Earth’s plate
tectonics.
c.
differences in the
greenhouse effect.
d.
the presence of liquid
water.
e.
differing distances
from the Sun.
31.
According to the
following figure, about how long ago did oxygen reach its current abundance in
Earth’s atmosphere?
a.
3 billion years ago
b.
1 billion years ago
c.
0.5 billion years ago
d.
0.25 billion years ago
e.
0.1 billion years ago
32.
How does the fraction
of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere today compare to what it was 3 billion years
ago?
a.
It has significantly
declined.
b.
It has significantly
increased.
c.
It kept increasing up
to 2 billion years ago but has been declining ever since.
d.
It hasn’t changed.
33.
The best way to use a
telescope to look for life on other planets is to
a.
search for absorption
from nitrogen in their atmospheres.
b.
search for absorption
from oxygen in their atmospheres.
c.
search for emission
lines from water vapor in their atmospheres.
d.
search for carbon
dioxide on their moons.
34.
_________ in our
atmosphere is a direct consequence of the emergence of life.
a.
Carbon dioxide
b.
Water vapor
c.
Nitrogen
d.
Oxygen
e.
Helium
35.
If photosynthesis were
to disappear on Earth,
a.
the atmosphere would
become less dense.
b.
oxygen would disappear
from the atmosphere.
c.
the atmosphere would
become hotter.
d.
nitrogen would
disappear from the atmosphere.
e.
the amount of water
vapor in the atmosphere would decrease.
36.
By approximately
_________ years ago, _________ had produced oxygen in enough amounts to be a
significant fraction in Earth’s atmosphere.
a.
100 million; trees and
plants
b.
1 billion; trees and
plants
c.
250 million; bacteria
and algae
d.
2.5 billion; bacteria
and algae
e.
2,000; animals and
humans
37.
Approximately how long
after the Solar System formed did it take for oxygen to get to within 80
percent of its present abundance in Earth’s atmosphere?
a.
4 billion years
b.
1 billion years
c.
400 million years
d.
1 million years
e.
Oxygen was always a
primary component of Earth’s atmosphere.
38.
For the first 1 billion
years of Earth’s evolution, the fraction of oxygen in its atmosphere was
approximately
a.
zero.
b.
half of what it is
today.
c.
2 times what it is
today.
d.
10 times what it is
today.
e.
the same as it is
today.
39.
Why are auroras
produced only near the northern and southern magnetic poles of a planet?
a.
Those are the locations
where the atmosphere is thinner, letting particles penetrate.
b.
The poles are pointing
toward the Sun, so they receive more solar wind particles.
c.
The oxygen atoms
responsible for auroral emission only exist near the poles.
d.
Charged particles are
forced to flow along Earth’s magnetic field lines, which come out of Earth’s
poles.
40.
According to the figure
below, approximately how many years ago did oxygen finally get to half its
current abundance in Earth’s atmosphere?
a.
3 billion years ago
b.
1 billion years ago
c.
0.6 billion years ago
d.
0.25 billion years ago
e.
0.1 billion years ago
41.
If you found absorption
from _________ in the spectrum of a planet, you could conclude that it might
contain some form of life.
a.
oxygen
b.
methane
c.
water vapor
d.
oxygen, methane, or
water vapor
42.
Without the ozone
layer, life on Earth would be in danger from increased levels of _________
radiation.
a.
UV
b.
X-ray
c.
gamma ray
d.
infrared
e.
microwave
43.
According to the
following figure, the different layers of Earth’s atmosphere are defined by
a.
how the temperature
varies with altitude.
b.
how the pressure varies
with altitude.
c.
how the density varies
with altitude.
d.
different temperature
ranges.
e.
different pressure
ranges.
44.
The planet-wide flow of
air from Earth’s equator to the colder poles is called Hadley circulation. An
example of this effect is also seen
a.
on Mars
b.
on Mercury
c.
on Venus
d.
nowhere else in the
solar system
45.
According to the way
the layers of Earth’s atmosphere are defined in the following figures, the
atmosphere of Venus has only _________ distinct layer(s).
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
46.
All weather and wind on
Earth are a result of convection in the
a.
troposphere.
b.
stratosphere.
c.
mesosphere.
d.
ionosphere.
e.
thermosphere.
47.
According to the
following figure, as you increase in altitude in Earth’s lower atmosphere, the
atmospheric pressure ________ dramatically at a(n) _________ rate.
a.
increases; increasing
b.
increases; decreasing
c.
decreases; decreasing
d.
decreases; increasing
e.
decreases; constant
48.
The only two layers of
Earth’s atmosphere that have temperature gradients that allow convection to
take place are
a.
the troposphere and the
thermosphere.
b.
the mesosphere and the
stratosphere.
c.
the thermosphere and
the stratosphere.
d.
the troposphere and the
mesosphere.
e.
the troposphere and the
stratosphere.
49.
Winds are generated on
Earth primarily because of
a.
strong updrafts from
the equator and air sinking near the poles.
b.
uneven heating of the
surface and rotation of the planet.
c.
water condensation onto
mountains.
d.
hot air rising and cool
air sinking.
50.
Heating from _________
causes the top of Earth’s stratosphere to be warmer than the bottom.
a.
higher-energy particles
in the solar wind
b.
convection
c.
the ozone layer
absorbing UV light
d.
charged particles
trapped by magnetic fields
e.
the greenhouse effect
51.
The shape of Earth’s
magnetosphere is modified by
a.
the Moon’s tidal force.
b.
the solar wind.
c.
Earth’s own gravity.
d.
asymmetries in the
shape of Earth’s core.
e.
Earth’s elliptical
orbit.
52.
Auroras are caused by
a.
gases fluorescing in
the atmosphere because of collisions with solar wind particles.
b.
the magnetosphere of
Earth touching its atmosphere.
c.
the ozone layer being
destroyed by UV light.
d.
a product of the
atmospheric greenhouse effect.
e.
scattering of sunlight
from particles in Earth’s stratosphere.
53.
In the Southern
Hemisphere, hurricanes _________ compared to hurricanes in the Northern
Hemisphere because of the Coriolis effect.
a.
rotate in the same
direction
b.
rotate in the opposite
direction
c.
move from east to west
d.
have larger wind speeds
e.
cause more damage
54.
What is the main reason
Hadley circulation in a planet’s atmosphere breaks up into zonal winds?
a.
convection driven by
solar heating
b.
heating from the solar
wind
c.
hurricanes developing
along the planet’s equator
d.
a planet’s rapid
rotation
e.
heating from the
greenhouse effect
55.
Runaway convection in
Earth’s atmosphere can lead to
a.
snow.
b.
destruction of ozone.
c.
auroras.
d.
acid rain.
e.
violent storms.
56.
Hurricanes are powered
by
a.
Hadley circulation.
b.
the Coriolis effect.
c.
the heat of
vaporization of water.
d.
electrical conductivity
of water.
e.
the greenhouse effect.
57.
Given the thickness and
chemical composition of Venus’s atmosphere, by how much would you expect its
average surface temperature to change between day and night?
a.
There should be almost
no change in temperature.
b.
by tens of K (like
Earth)
c.
by hundreds of K (like
Mercury)
d.
The answer depends on
where Venus is in its orbit around the Sun.
58.
Earth’s sky is blue
because
a.
blue light from the sun
is more readily scattered by molecules in the atmosphere than red light.
b.
of reflected light from
the oceans.
c.
red light from the sun
is more readily scattered by molecules in the atmosphere than blue light.
d.
molecules that make up
Earth’s atmosphere radiate preferentially at blue wavelengths.
e.
the Sun radiates more
blue light than other wavelengths.
59.
Which of the following
is not a consequence of the high thickness and peculiar composition of
Venus’s atmosphere?
a.
We cannot see down to
its surface in visible light.
b.
Its surface is very
smooth.
c.
Venus looks highly
reflective.
d.
The surface pressure is
100 times higher than on Earth’s surface.
60.
Venus rotates so
rapidly that the dominant form of atmospheric circulation is powered by
a.
winds moving from its
equator to its poles.
b.
heated air escaping
from its volcanoes moving along the equator.
c.
winds moving from its
poles to its equator.
d.
heated air escaping
from active tectonic plates.
61.
The absence of oxygen
on Mars means that it has very little
a.
carbon dioxide.
b.
methane.
c.
ozone.
d.
helium.
62.
When the Martian
springtime arrives and the daytime temperature reaches 20°C, what occurs?
a.
Water melts and forms
large pools of liquid.
b.
The polar ice caps
disappear.
c.
Large planet-wide dust
storms.
d.
The entire planet
changes color.
63.
The exospheres of the
Moon and Mercury differ from the atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars in that
a.
they are made of a very
thin layer of carbon dioxide.
b.
they are made of a
thick layer of water vapor.
c.
they extend much
farther from the rocky surface.
d.
they are made of a thin
layer of light atoms such as helium, sodium, and argon.
64.
Venus has an unusual
rotation rate because
a.
it is very slow.
b.
it is very slow and
retrograde.
c.
its obliquity is 90
degrees.
d.
it is very fast.
e.
it is very fast and
retrograde.
65.
Venus’s surface
temperature is fairly uniform from the equator to the poles because
a.
Venus rotates very
rapidly, which causes strong zonal winds.
b.
Venus is covered by a
thick cloud layer that absorbs most of the sunlight that falls on it.
c.
the carbon dioxide in
Venus’s atmosphere efficiently emits infrared radiation.
d.
Venus rotates slowly so
Coriolis forces do not disrupt Hadley circulation.
e.
Venus’s orbit is nearly
perfectly circular.
66.
Each halogen atom, such
as chlorine, fluorine, and bromine, in Earth’s atmosphere contributes to
a.
the production of
carbon dioxide.
b.
the production of acid
rain.
c.
the destruction of
ozone over decades and centuries.
d.
the destruction of
water in the upper atmosphere.
67.
Humans cannot survive
on the surface of Mars for long periods of time because
a.
there is not enough
oxygen in the atmosphere.
b.
the range in
temperature between day and night is too large.
c.
the flux of UV
radiation reaching the surface is too high.
d.
the atmospheric
pressure would be too low.
e.
all of the above
68.
The amount of carbon
dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has been increasing over the last 50 years
because of
a.
global warming.
b.
the growth of the ozone
hole.
c.
the burning of fossil
fuels.
d.
increased energy output
from the Sun.
e.
increased magnetic
activity in the Sun.
69.
When frozen water on
the surface of Mars heats up during summer time, the water
a.
melts and forms liquid
pools on the surface.
b.
boils off the surface and
escapes into outer space.
c.
sublimates and goes
directly into the gaseous phase.
d.
remains frozen because
the temperature remains below the freezing point.
e.
melts and creates
flowing rivers that erode the landscape.
70.
Global temperature
variations on Earth driven by the Milankovitch cycle differ from those driven
by the anthropogenic greenhouse effect in that
a.
they are very small in
magnitude, less than 1°C.
b.
they occur at irregular
time intervals.
c.
they are driven by
volcanic activity.
d.
they occur over much
longer time scales (thousands of years).
e.
they are driven by
emissions of methane gas rather than carbon dioxide.
SHORT ANSWER
1.
The primary atmospheres
of the terrestrial planets formed from hydrogen and helium. Why? What happened
to this gas?
2.
A gas eventually will
escape from a planet’s atmosphere if the average velocity of its atoms exceeds
1/6 times the escape velocity of the planet. If the average velocity of water
vapor in Venus’s atmosphere is 0.5 km/s, what would be the average velocity of
a single hydrogen atom? If Venus’s escape velocity is 11 km/s, will hydrogen
atoms eventually escape?
3.
Most of Earth’s
present-day atmosphere comes from a combination of what three sources?
4.
If the average CO2
molecule in Venus’s atmosphere has a velocity of 0.6 km/s, what would be the
velocity for a hydrogen atom in Venus’s atmosphere? Note the mass of a CO2
molecule is 44 times that of a hydrogen atom.
5.
What is the origin of
Earth’s water?
6.
List the three planets
shown in the following images in order of decreasing surface temperature, and
cite evidence that can be seen in the images that supports your choice.
7.
What is the greenhouse
effect?
8.
Where is most of
Earth’s supply of carbon dioxide today?
9.
Describe how the closer
location of Venus to the Sun compared to Earth led to the runaway greenhouse
effect observed on Venus today.
10.
Earth’s atmosphere is a
(seemingly) enormous blanket roughly 250 km thick. What percentage of Earth’s
radius, which is 6,400 km, does this represent? How does it compare to the
average depth of the oceans, which is 3 km?
11.
If there is 1E4 kg of
air above every square meter of the surface of Earth, and Earth is modeled as a
sphere of radius 6.4 × 106 m, what is the mass of Earth’s atmosphere, and what
fraction is it of the total mass of Earth? Show your calculation.
12.
Suppose you go out
hiking in the snow on a mountaintop on a cold winter day when the temperature
outside is 0°C = 273 K and the pressure is 0.75 bar. If you brought along a
package of potato chips that was sealed at sea level when the temperature was
24°C = 297 K, what would have happened to the volume of the bag of
chips? By how much will the volume have changed?
13.
You take a sealed
plastic bag of snacks onto an airline flight where the atmospheric pressure is
reduced to 0.8 bar, but the cabin is heated so that the temperature is
approximately the same as when you sealed the bag. What will happen to the
volume of the bag? By how much will it have changed?
14.
According to the
following figure, about how long ago did oxygen first appear in Earth’s atmosphere?
About how long ago did oxygen reach 50 percent of its current abundance in
Earth’s atmosphere?
15.
Describe the
process(es) responsible for producing rain.
16.
Over the last century,
why has the ozone hole over Earth grown larger? How long might it take to revert
to its former state?
17.
Give two reasons why
the atmosphere of Earth is warmer near the surface than at higher elevations.
18.
Why does the
temperature decrease as you go higher up in altitude in the troposphere on
Earth?
19.
In the stratosphere of
Earth’s atmosphere, how does the temperature vary with increasing altitude, and
what causes this variation?
20.
The global winds on
Earth are the result of a combination of what three things?
21.
If sunlight cannot
penetrate Venus’s cloud layer efficiently, why does the temperature of the
planet remain so high?
22.
Carbon dioxide levels
in Earth’s atmosphere have been rising by about 4 percent per decade because of
the use of fossil fuels. If this trend continues, what could happen to Earth?
23.
On Mars, water could
exist in what form(s): solid, liquid, or gas? How does this vary with the
seasons on Mars? Why are the seasonal variations on Mars different in its
northern and southern hemispheres?
24.
Give three reasons why
we believe Venus may currently have active volcanoes.
25.
Describe how a weak
magnetic field on Mars may lead to loss of its atmosphere over time.
26.
How does climate differ
from weather?
27.
The obliquity of
Earth’s rotation axis has remained stable at 23 degrees over its history,
whereas that of Mars is believed to have varied from 13 to 40 degrees. Why?
28.
Although Earth is known
to exhibit long-term natural variations in temperature, scientists are nearly
unanimous in believing that the recent rise in temperature is due to human
industrial activity. Why?
29.
What factors drive the
long-term periodic variations in Earth’s average temperature (known as the
Milankovitch cycle)?
30.
Describe the factors
influencing the climate on Earth.
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