Test Bank for Applied Statistics in Business and Economics 4th Edition by Doane

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Chapter 01
Overview of Statistics
True / False Questions
1. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and
presenting data.
True False
2. Inferential statistics refers to generalizing from a sample to a population,
estimating unknown parameters, drawing conclusions, and making decisions.
True False
3. Descriptive statistics refers to summarizing data rather than generalizing about
the population.
True False
4. Estimating parameters and testing hypotheses are important aspects of
descriptive statistics.
True False
5. Inconsistent treatment of data by a researcher is a symptom of poor survey or
research design.
True False
6. Empirical data are collected through observations and/or experiments.
True False
7. Business intelligence refers to collecting, storing, accessing, and analyzing data
on the company's operations in order to make better business decisions.
True False
8. When a statistician omits data contrary to her findings in a study, she is justified
as long as the sample supports her objective.
True False
9. A strong correlation between A and B would imply that B is caused by A.
True False
10. The post hoc fallacy says that when B follows A then B is caused by A.
True False
11. A statistical test may be significant yet have no practical importance.
True False
12. Valid statistical inferences cannot be made when sample sizes are small.
True False
13. Statistics is an essential part of critical thinking because it allows us to transform
the empirical evidence from a sample so it will agree with our preferred
conclusions.
True False
14. Statistical challenges include imperfect data, practical constraints, and ethical
dilemmas.
True False
15. A business data analyst needs a PhD in statistics.
True False
16. The science of statistics tells us whether the sample evidence is convincing.
True False
17. Pitfalls to consider in a statistical test include nonrandom samples, small sample
size, and lack of causal links.
True False
18. In business communication, a table of numbers is preferred to a graph because it
is more able to convey meaning.
True False
19. Statistical data analysis can often distinguish between real vs. perceived ethical
issues.
True False
20. Excel has limited use in business because advanced statistical software is widely
available.
True False
21. Statistics helps surmount language barriers to solve problems in multinational
businesses.
True False
22. Statistics can help you handle either too little or too much information.
True False
23. Predicting a presidential candidate's percent of the statewide vote from a sample
of 800 voters would be an example of inferential statistics.
True False
24. Surveying electric vehicle owners would provide a representative random sample
of Americans' views on global warming policies.
True False
25. An example of descriptive statistics would be reporting the percent of students in
your accounting class that attended the review session for the last exam.
True False
Multiple Choice Questions
26. "Bob must be rich. He's a lawyer, and lawyers make lots of money." This
statement best illustrates which fallacy?
A. Using poor survey methods
B. Confusing significance with importance
C. Unconscious bias
D. Generalizing from an average to an individual
27. Which is not an ethical obligation of a statistician? Explain.
A. To know and follow accepted procedures
B. To ensure data integrity and accurate calculations
C. To support client wishes in drawing conclusions from the data
D. To acknowledge sources of financial support
28. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. A parameter is a measure that is calculated from a sample.
B. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and
presenting data.
C. For day-to-day data business analysis, most firms rely on a large staff of
expert statisticians.
D. A statistical test result that is significant also has practical importance.
29. Which is least likely to be an application where statistics will be useful?
A. Predicting whether an airfare is likely to rise or fall
B. Designing the most desirable features for a ski pass
C. Deciding whether offering Rice Krispies improves restaurant sales
D. Choosing the wording of a corporate policy prohibiting smoking
30. Because 25 percent of the students in my morning statistics class watch eight or
more hours of television a week, I conclude that 25 percent of all students at the
university watch eight or more hours of television a week. The most important
logical weakness of this conclusion would be:
A. relying on any sample instead of surveying every student.
B. using a sample that may not be representative of all students.
C. failing to correct for unconscious interviewer bias.
D. assuming cause and effect where none exists.
31. Which of the following is not a characteristic of an ideal statistician?
A. Technically current (e.g., software)
B. Communicates well (both written and oral)
C. Advocates client's objectives
D. Can deal with imperfect information
32. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Statistics helps refine theories through ongoing hypothesis testing.
B. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and
presenting data.
C. Estimating parameters is an important aspect of descriptive statistics.
D. Statistical challenges include imperfect data and practical constraints.
33. Which is not a practical constraint facing the business researcher or data
analyst?
A. Time and money are always limited.
B. The world is no laboratory, so some experiments are impractical.
C. Research on human subjects is fraught with danger and ethical issues.
D. Survey respondents usually will tell the truth if well compensated.
34. Which is not an essential characteristic of a good business data analyst?
A. Effective writer
B. Stays current on techniques
C. Has a Ph.D. or master's degree in statistics
D. Can deal with imperfect information
35. An ethical statistical consultant would not always:
A. follow accepted statistical procedures.
B. support management's desired conclusions.
C. acknowledge sources of financial support.
D. report limitations of the data.
36. The NASA experiences with the Challenger and Columbia disasters suggest
that:
A. statistics is not applicable to space endeavors.
B. limited data may still contain important clues.
C. good engineers can eliminate risks in space flight.
D. space flight is only slightly more risky than commercial air travel.
37. Which is not a goal of the ethical data analyst?
A. To be an honest broker of data
B. To learn to downplay inconvenient data
C. To understand the firm's code of ethics (or help create one)
D. To look for hidden agendas in data collection
38. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. A statistic is a single measure (usually numerical) that is calculated from a
sample.
B. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and
presenting data.
C. For day-to-day data business analysis, most firms rely on a large staff of
expert statisticians.
D. A statistical test may be significant yet have no practical importance.
39. "Smoking is not harmful. My Aunt Harriet smoked, but lived to age 90." This best
illustrates which fallacy?
A. Unconscious bias
B. Significance versus practical importance
C. Post hoc reasoning
D. Small sample generalization
40. Which best illustrates the distinction between statistical significance and practical
importance?
A. "In 2006, 240 out of 400 statistics students at Oxnard Technical College sold
their textbooks at the end of the semester, compared with 220 out of 330
students in 2005, a significant decrease."
B. "Our new manufacturing technique has increased the life of the 80 GB USB
AsimoDrive external hard disk significantly, from 240,000 hours to 250,000
hours."
C. "In 50,000 births, the new vaccine reduced the incidence of infant mortality in
Morrovia significantly from 14.2 deaths per 1000 births to 10.3 deaths per
1000 births."
D. "The new Sky Penetrator IV business jet's cruising range has increased
significantly from 3,975 miles to 4,000 miles."
41. "Circulation fell in the month after the new editor took over the newspaper
Oxnard News Herald . The new editor should be fired." Which is not a serious
fallacy in this conclusion?
A. Generalizing from a small sample
B. Applying post hoc reasoning
C. Failing to identify causes
D. Using a biased sample
42. An ethical data analyst would be least likely to:
A. check data for accuracy.
B. cite his/her data sources and their limitations.
C. acknowledge sources of financial support.
D. rely on consultants for all calculations.
43. "Tom's SUV rolled over. SUVs are dangerous." This best illustrates which
fallacy?
A. Unconscious bias
B. Significance versus practical importance
C. Post hoc reasoning
D. Small sample generalization
44. "Bob didn't wear his lucky T-shirt to class, so he failed his chemistry exam." This
best illustrates which fallacy?
A. Small sample generalization
B. Poor survey methods
C. Post hoc reasoning
D. More than one of the above
45. Which is not a reason for an average student to study statistics?
A. Improve technical writing skills
B. Gain information management skills
C. Enhance technical literacy
D. Learn stock market strategies
46. Which is not a likely area of application of statistics in business?
A. Auditing supplier invoices for correct payment
B. Questioning the executives' strategic decisions
C. Looking for patterns in a large marketing database
D. Making forecasts of several key product lines
47. Which is not a likely task of descriptive statistics?
A. Summarizing a sample
B. Describing data numerically
C. Estimating unknown parameters
D. Making visual displays of data
48. We would associate the term inferential statistics with which task?
A. Making visual displays of data
B. Estimating unknown parameters
C. Describing a sample of data
D. Tabulating a survey
Short Answer Questions
49. How might statistics be useful in determining the correct width of doorways in a
convalescent care facility so that 99 percent of the "typical" wheelchairs can pass
through the doorway without coming closer than 6 inches on either side?
50. Established risk factors such as cholesterol and obesity can predict who will get
heart disease about 80 percent of the time. Adding a new test called CRP can
raise this percentage to 81 percent—a statistically significant difference. But
would this improvement be of practical importance to a physician? To a patient?
Discuss.
51. Bob said, "Since statistics cannot tell for certain whether one thing caused
another, there is no point in even reporting probabilities." Argue both for and
against Bob's statement.
52. Bob said, "Why study math and statistics? I'm majoring in human resources
because it's people that are important in business, not numbers." Argue both for
and against Bob's statement.
Chapter 01 Overview of Statistics Answer Key
True / False Questions
1. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and
presenting data.
TRUE
This is one of many good definitions of statistics.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: What Is Statistics?
2. Inferential statistics refers to generalizing from a sample to a population,
estimating unknown parameters, drawing conclusions, and making decisions.
TRUE
We can use statistics either to describe data or to infer something about a
population.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
3. Descriptive statistics refers to summarizing data rather than generalizing about
the population.
TRUE
When we do not infer, we are only describing the available sample data.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
4. Estimating parameters and testing hypotheses are important aspects of
descriptive statistics.
FALSE
When we generalize to a population we are using inferential statistics.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
5. Inconsistent treatment of data by a researcher is a symptom of poor survey or
research design.
FALSE
Good survey data can still be misused or misinterpreted.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
6. Empirical data are collected through observations and/or experiments.
TRUE
Empirical data are contrasted with a priori estimates (e.g., expecting 10 heads
in 20 coin flips).
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
7. Business intelligence refers to collecting, storing, accessing, and analyzing
data on the company's operations in order to make better business decisions.
TRUE
See Wikipedia for similar definitions of business intelligence.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
8. When a statistician omits data contrary to her findings in a study, she is
justified as long as the sample supports her objective.
FALSE
We do not omit data unless it is proven to be an error.
AACSB: Ethics
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
9. A strong correlation between A and B would imply that B is caused by A.
FALSE
Temporal sequence does not prove causation.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
10. The post hoc fallacy says that when B follows A then B is caused by A.
TRUE
Temporal sequence does not prove causation.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
11. A statistical test may be significant yet have no practical importance.
TRUE
Large samples sometimes reveal tiny effects that may not matter very much.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
12. Valid statistical inferences cannot be made when sample sizes are small.
FALSE
Small samples may be all that we have, and statistics does have rules for
them.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
13. Statistics is an essential part of critical thinking because it allows us to
transform the empirical evidence from a sample so it will agree with our
preferred conclusions.
FALSE
Ethical analysts challenge their beliefs with data rather than forcing data to
their beliefs.
AACSB: Ethics
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
14. Statistical challenges include imperfect data, practical constraints, and ethical
dilemmas.
TRUE
The list is longer, but these three are big challenges.
AACSB: Ethics
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
15. A business data analyst needs a PhD in statistics.
FALSE
Every business person does some statistics.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-02 List reasons for a business student to study statistics.
Topic: Why Study Statistics?
16. The science of statistics tells us whether the sample evidence is convincing.
TRUE
There are clear scientific rules for statistical inference.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: What Is Statistics?
17. Pitfalls to consider in a statistical test include nonrandom samples, small
sample size, and lack of causal links.
TRUE
These are among many other pitfalls.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
18. In business communication, a table of numbers is preferred to a graph
because it is more able to convey meaning.
FALSE
Although tables can show exact numbers, a good graph may be more helpful.
AACSB: Communication
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
19. Statistical data analysis can often distinguish between real vs. perceived
ethical issues.
TRUE
Proper framing of a question may reveal that there is no real ethical issue.
AACSB: Ethics
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
20. Excel has limited use in business because advanced statistical software is
widely available.
FALSE
Small businesses may lack advanced software (and training to use it).
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: What Is Statistics?
21. Statistics helps surmount language barriers to solve problems in multinational
businesses.
TRUE
Statistics is part of the international language of science.
AACSB: Diversity
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-02 List reasons for a business student to study statistics.
Topic: Why Study Statistics?
22. Statistics can help you handle either too little or too much information.
TRUE
Statistical tasks include reducing lots of data or finding meaning in large piles
of data.
AACSB: Technology
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-02 List reasons for a business student to study statistics.
Topic: Why Study Statistics?
23. Predicting a presidential candidate's percent of the statewide vote from a
sample of 800 voters would be an example of inferential statistics.
TRUE
Generalizing from a sample is an inference .
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
24. Surveying electric vehicle owners would provide a representative random
sample of Americans' views on global warming policies.
FALSE
Not a random sample of all drivers.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
25. An example of descriptive statistics would be reporting the percent of students
in your accounting class that attended the review session for the last exam.
TRUE
As long as you don't generalize it is a descriptive statistic.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
Multiple Choice Questions
26. "Bob must be rich. He's a lawyer, and lawyers make lots of money." This
statement best illustrates which fallacy?
A. Using poor survey methods
B. Confusing significance with importance
C. Unconscious bias
D. Generalizing from an average to an individual
Many lawyers do not work for big firms (remember My Cousin Vinnie ?).
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
27. Which is not an ethical obligation of a statistician? Explain.
A. To know and follow accepted procedures
B. To ensure data integrity and accurate calculations
C. To support client wishes in drawing conclusions from the data
D. To acknowledge sources of financial support
Review the list of ethical responsibilities.
AACSB: Ethics
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
28. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. A parameter is a measure that is calculated from a sample.
B. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting,
and presenting data.
C. For day-to-day data business analysis, most firms rely on a large staff of
expert statisticians.
D. A statistical test result that is significant also has practical importance.
Check you definitions and uses of statistics.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: What Is Statistics?
29. Which is least likely to be an application where statistics will be useful?
A. Predicting whether an airfare is likely to rise or fall
B. Designing the most desirable features for a ski pass
C. Deciding whether offering Rice Krispies improves restaurant sales
D. Choosing the wording of a corporate policy prohibiting smoking
Policy wording is probably up to writers.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-02 List reasons for a business student to study statistics.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
30. Because 25 percent of the students in my morning statistics class watch eight
or more hours of television a week, I conclude that 25 percent of all students at
the university watch eight or more hours of television a week. The most
important logical weakness of this conclusion would be:
A. relying on any sample instead of surveying every student.
B. using a sample that may not be representative of all students.
C. failing to correct for unconscious interviewer bias.
D. assuming cause and effect where none exists.
Generalizing from a nonrandom sample is risky.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
31. Which of the following is not a characteristic of an ideal statistician?
A. Technically current (e.g., software)
B. Communicates well (both written and oral)
C. Advocates client's objectives
D. Can deal with imperfect information
There is an unattractive name for a consultant who always agrees with the
client.
AACSB: Ethics
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
32. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Statistics helps refine theories through ongoing hypothesis testing.
B. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting,
and presenting data.
C. Estimating parameters is an important aspect of descriptive statistics.
D. Statistical challenges include imperfect data and practical constraints.
Estimating a population parameter is an inference .
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
33. Which is not a practical constraint facing the business researcher or data
analyst?
A. Time and money are always limited.
B. The world is no laboratory, so some experiments are impractical.
C. Research on human subjects is fraught with danger and ethical issues.
D. Survey respondents usually will tell the truth if well compensated.
Paid respondents may try to tell you what you want to hear.
AACSB: Ethics
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
34. Which is not an essential characteristic of a good business data analyst?
A. Effective writer
B. Stays current on techniques
C. Has a Ph.D. or master's degree in statistics
D. Can deal with imperfect information
No advanced degree is needed for basic statistics, which is why all business
students study it.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
35. An ethical statistical consultant would not always:
A. follow accepted statistical procedures.
B. support management's desired conclusions.
C. acknowledge sources of financial support.
D. report limitations of the data.
There is a nasty name for a consultant who always agrees with management.
AACSB: Ethics
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
36. The NASA experiences with the Challenger and Columbia disasters suggest
that:
A. statistics is not applicable to space endeavors.
B. limited data may still contain important clues.
C. good engineers can eliminate risks in space flight.
D. space flight is only slightly more risky than commercial air travel.
When small samples are all that we have, we must study them carefully.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
37. Which is not a goal of the ethical data analyst?
A. To be an honest broker of data
B. To learn to downplay inconvenient data
C. To understand the firm's code of ethics (or help create one)
D. To look for hidden agendas in data collection
We do not ignore data unless it is an actual error.
AACSB: Ethics
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
38. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. A statistic is a single measure (usually numerical) that is calculated from a
sample.
B. Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting,
and presenting data.
C. For day-to-day data business analysis, most firms rely on a large staff of
expert statisticians.
D. A statistical test may be significant yet have no practical importance.
Few firms have staffs of statistics experts, so all of us need to know the basics.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
39. "Smoking is not harmful. My Aunt Harriet smoked, but lived to age 90." This
best illustrates which fallacy?
A. Unconscious bias
B. Significance versus practical importance
C. Post hoc reasoning
D. Small sample generalization
Individual cases sometimes violate causation.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
40. Which best illustrates the distinction between statistical significance and
practical importance?
A. "In 2006, 240 out of 400 statistics students at Oxnard Technical College
sold their textbooks at the end of the semester, compared with 220 out of
330 students in 2005, a significant decrease."
B. "Our new manufacturing technique has increased the life of the 80 GB USB
AsimoDrive external hard disk significantly, from 240,000 hours to 250,000
hours."
C. "In 50,000 births, the new vaccine reduced the incidence of infant mortality
in Morrovia significantly from 14.2 deaths per 1000 births to 10.3 deaths per
1000 births."
D. "The new Sky Penetrator IV business jet's cruising range has increased
significantly from 3,975 miles to 4,000 miles."
Consumers would not notice because 240,000 hours is 27 years.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Evaluate
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
41. "Circulation fell in the month after the new editor took over the newspaper
Oxnard News Herald . The new editor should be fired." Which is not a serious
fallacy in this conclusion?
A. Generalizing from a small sample
B. Applying post hoc reasoning
C. Failing to identify causes
D. Using a biased sample
There is no real sample, just shaky logical inferences.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Evaluate
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
42. An ethical data analyst would be least likely to:
A. check data for accuracy.
B. cite his/her data sources and their limitations.
C. acknowledge sources of financial support.
D. rely on consultants for all calculations.
When you farm out your calculations, you have lost control of your work.
AACSB: Ethics
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-03 State the common challenges facing business professionals using statistics.
Topic: Statistical Challenges
43. "Tom's SUV rolled over. SUVs are dangerous." This best illustrates which
fallacy?
A. Unconscious bias
B. Significance versus practical importance
C. Post hoc reasoning
D. Small sample generalization
One instance proves little.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
44. "Bob didn't wear his lucky T-shirt to class, so he failed his chemistry exam."
This best illustrates which fallacy?
A. Small sample generalization
B. Poor survey methods
C. Post hoc reasoning
D. More than one of the above
There is no credible causal link between these two events.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
45. Which is not a reason for an average student to study statistics?
A. Improve technical writing skills
B. Gain information management skills
C. Enhance technical literacy
D. Learn stock market strategies
To learn about the stock market, you should probably study finance.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-02 List reasons for a business student to study statistics.
Topic: Why Study Statistics?
46. Which is not a likely area of application of statistics in business?
A. Auditing supplier invoices for correct payment
B. Questioning the executives' strategic decisions
C. Looking for patterns in a large marketing database
D. Making forecasts of several key product lines
Business strategy may involve some statistics but not like the others listed
here.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-02 List reasons for a business student to study statistics.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
47. Which is not a likely task of descriptive statistics?
A. Summarizing a sample
B. Describing data numerically
C. Estimating unknown parameters
D. Making visual displays of data
Estimating a population parameter is an inference .
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
48. We would associate the term inferential statistics with which task?
A. Making visual displays of data
B. Estimating unknown parameters
C. Describing a sample of data
D. Tabulating a survey
Estimating a population parameter is an inference .
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
Short Answer Questions
49. How might statistics be useful in determining the correct width of doorways in
a convalescent care facility so that 99 percent of the "typical" wheelchairs can
pass through the doorway without coming closer than 6 inches on either side?
Large samples could be taken of wheelchair widths and the space needed on
either side, and averages and the 99th percentile could be computed for widths
of major brands of old and new wheelchairs, along with the proportion of each
type of wheelchair in use.
Feedback: Large samples could be taken of wheelchair widths and the space
needed on either side, and averages could be computed. Statistics can then
be applied to find the 99th percentiles. One way is to measure the widths of
major brands of wheelchairs currently being sold, being sure that people are
sitting in them and using their hands to move the wheels to measure the
necessary clearance. Then take a similar survey of older wheelchairs that still
are used. Estimate the proportion of each type of wheelchair in use, to
determine what width is required for 99 percent to meet the requirement. You
might also find that some wheelchair users carry a cane in their laps, which
may protrude. To learn how to estimate percentiles, you need a basic class in
statistics.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Create
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics
50. Established risk factors such as cholesterol and obesity can predict who will
get heart disease about 80 percent of the time. Adding a new test called CRP
can raise this percentage to 81 percent—a statistically significant difference.
But would this improvement be of practical importance to a physician? To a
patient? Discuss.
In tests involving millions of patients, even a slightly improved test might
benefit many individuals, though to the individual patient or physician the
benefit might not be apparent.
Feedback: A single physician might feel that such a small improvement in
medical diagnostics might not help very much in predicting a particular
patient's chances of getting heart disease. However, in tests involving millions
of patients, even a slightly improved test might benefit many individuals. It is a
question of perspective (micro versus macro). Also, as medical tests improve,
the potential incremental gains become smaller.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Evaluate
Difficulty: 3 Hard
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
51. Bob said, "Since statistics cannot tell for certain whether one thing caused
another, there is no point in even reporting probabilities." Argue both for and
against Bob's statement.
We usually cannot prove cause and effect using statistics alone, but
correlations between events can point researchers in a certain direction and
statistics is a guide to action when there is a logical reason to suppose that
cause and effect may exist, even if science hasn't yet proven the case fully.
Feedback: Bob is correct in saying that we usually cannot prove cause and
effect using statistics alone. But probabilities and correlations between events
can point researchers in a certain direction. And many people do accept that
statistics is a guide to action, if there is some logical reason to suppose that
cause and effect may exist, even if science hasn't yet proven the case fully.
Think how many people purchase health food and vitamin supplements, or
seek holistic treatments for various diseases.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Evaluate
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-04 List and explain common statistical pitfalls.
Topic: Critical Thinking
52. Bob said, "Why study math and statistics? I'm majoring in human resources
because it's people that are important in business, not numbers." Argue both
for and against Bob's statement.
Bob is correct in that organizations consist of people whose decisions
determine the company's financial well-being and future, but all organizations
(including HR specialists) rely on statistics and data to keep track of their
operations, assets (human and financial), and financial progress.
Feedback: Bob is correct in that organizations consist of people, and their
interactions and decisions determine the company's financial well-being and
future. However, he is missing something essential. All organizations rely on
statistics and data to keep track of their operations and financial progress.
Without statistics and math, no company can exist. And human resources
professionals use data just as much as any other business specialty. In fact,
many statistical techniques were developed by psychologists in order to help
understand humans and their interactions.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Evaluate
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Objective: 01-01 Define statistics and explain some of its uses in business.
Topic: Uses of Statistics

Test Bank for Introductory Statistics 8th Edition by Mann (Chapters 1-13)

        1.  Under descriptive statistics, we study

            A)      the description of decision making tricks

            B)      the methods for organizing, displaying, and describing data

            C)      how to describe the probability distribution

            D)      samples to assist in decision making

            Ans:  B     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Explain what constitutes descriptive statistics.

        2.  Under inferential statistics, we study

            A)      the methods to make decisions about one or more populations based on sample results

            B)      how to make decisions about a mean, median, or mode

            C)      how a sample is taken from a population

            D)      tables composed of summary measures

            Ans:  A     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Explain what constitutes inferential statistics.

        3.  In statistics, a population consists of:

            A)      all people living in a country

            B)      all people living in the area under study

            C)      all subjects or objects whose characteristics are being studied

            D)      a selection of a limited number of elements

            Ans:  C     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Describe the difference between a population and a sample.

        4.  In statistics, we define a sample as:

            A)      people living in one city only                C)      all items under investigation

            B)      the target population                             D)      a portion of the population

            Ans:  D     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Describe the difference between a population and a sample.

        5.  In statistics, conducting a survey means:

            A)      collecting information from elements   C)      drawing pictures and graphs

            B)      making mathematical calculations         D)      none of these

            Ans:  A     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Define the term "sample survey."

        6.  In statistics, conducting a census means:

            A)      making decisions based on sample results

            B)      checking if a variable is qualitative or quantitative

            C)      collecting information from all members of the population

            D)      collecting a sample with replacement

            Ans:  C     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Define the term "census."

        7.  In statistics, a representative sample is a sample that:

            A)      contains the characteristics of the population as closely as possible

            B)      represents the results of a sample exactly

            C)      contains all people living in an area

            D)      contains elements collected with replacement

            Ans:  A     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Explain what constitutes a representative sample from a population.

        8.  A random sample is a sample drawn in such a way that:

            A)      each member of the population has a 0.10 chance of being included in the sample

            B)      all elements of a population are included

            C)      some members of the population have no chance of being included in the sample

            D)      each member of the population has some chance of being included in the sample

            Ans:  D     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Differentiate between a random sample and a nonrandom sample.

        9.  A simple random sample is a sample drawn in such a way that:

            A)      each member of the population has some chance of being included in the sample

            B)      every tenth element of an arranged population is included

            C)      each sample of the same size has an equal chance of being selected

            D)      each member of the population has a 0.10 chance for being included in the sample

            Ans:  C     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Differentiate between a random sample and a nonrandom sample.

      10.  A data set is a:

            A)      set of decisions made about the population

            B)      set of graphs and pictures

            C)      collection of observations on one or more variables

            D)      score collected from an element of the population

            Ans:  C     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Explain the meaning of a member, variable, measurement, and data set with reference to given tabular information.

      11.  An observation is a:

            A)      graph observed for a data set

            B)      value of a variable for a single element

            C)      table prepared for a data set

            D)      sample observed from the population

            Ans:  B     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Explain the meaning of a member, variable, measurement, and data set with reference to given tabular information.

      12.  A quantitative variable is the only type of variable that can:

            A)      assume numeric values for which arithmetic operations make sense

            B)      be graphed

            C)      be used to prepare tables

            D)      have no intermediate values

            Ans:  A     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Define the term "quantitative variable."

      13.  A discrete variable is a variable that can assume:

            A)      categorical values only                          C)      an uncountable set of values

            B)      a countable set of values only               D)      non-numerical values

            Ans:  B     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables.

      14.  A continuous variable is a variable that can assume:

            A)      categorical values only                          C)      an uncountable set of values

            B)      a countable set of values only               D)      non-numerical values

            Ans:  C     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables.

      15.  A qualitative variable is the only type of variable that:

            A)      can assume numerical values

            B)      cannot be graphed

            C)      can assume an uncountable set of values

            D)      cannot be measured numerically

            Ans:  D     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  "Define the term ""qualitative (or categorical) variable,"" providing practical examples."

      16.  Time-series data are collected:

            A)      on  the same element for the same variable at different points in time

            B)      on a variable that involves time, e.g., minutes, hours, weeks, months, etc.

            C)      for a qualitative variable

            D)      on different elements for the same period of time

            Ans:  A     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Define the term "time-series" data. 

      17.  Cross-section data are collected:

            A)      on the same variable for the same variable at different points in time

            B)      on different elements at the same point in time

            C)      for a qualitative variable

            D)      on different elements for the same variable for different periods of time

            Ans:  B     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Define the term "cross-section" data.

Use the following to answer questions 18-21:

The telephone bills for the past month for four families are $48, $65, $39, and $81.

      18.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  233

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

      19.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  14,611

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

      20.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  52,900

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

      21.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  210

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

Use the following to answer questions 22-25:

The test scores of five students are 85, 64, 95, 75, and 93.

      22.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  412

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

      23.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  34,620

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

      24.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  169,744

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

      25.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  362

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

Use the following to answer questions 26-32:

Consider the following five pairs of m and f values:

m	f
6	3
9	5
7	5
13	6
7	8

      26.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  42

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

      27.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  232

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and two variables.

      28.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  384

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and two variables.

      29.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  159

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and two variables.

      30.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  2,164

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and two variables.

      31.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  1,370

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and two variables.

      32.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  1,015

            Difficulty level:  medium     Objective:  Summation notation

Use the following to answer questions 33-39:

Consider the following six pairs of x and y values:

x	y
8	10
11	16
15	20
5	7
20	28
21	21

      33.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  102

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

      34.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  1,592

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and two variables.

      35.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  34,802

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and two variables.

      36.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  27,712

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and two variables.

      37.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  1,374

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

      38.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  2,080

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

      39.  The value of  is:

            Ans:  24,101

            Difficulty level:  medium     Objective:  Perform elementary computations involving sigma notation and one variable.

      40.  Whether or not a university's enrollment increased from last year to this year is an example of qualitative or quantitative data?

            Ans:  Qualitative

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Categorize variables as being quantitative or qualitative.

      41.  Total insect population among 12 U.S. national parks in 2003 is an example of time-series or cross-section data?

            Ans:  Cross-section

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Categorize data as being cross-section data or time-series data.

      42.  Is the variable "lengths of top-ten hit songs" discrete or continuous?

            Ans:  Continuous

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables.

      43.  A statistician wants to determine the average annual Gross National Product for countries in Africa. He samples the 20 largest (in terms of population) African countries over 10 years, and gets their quarterly G.N.P results for each quarter of each year. The statistician is criticized because the sample is not representative. Explain why.

            Ans:  The statistician took the 20 largest countries.  I representative sample should include some smaller countries also.

            Difficulty level:  medium     Objective:  Explain what constitutes a representative sample from a population.

      44.  A statistician wants to determine the total annual medical costs incurred by all U.S. states from 1981 to 2001 as a result of health problems related to smoking. She polls each of the 50 states annually to obtain health care expenditures, in dollars, on smoking-related illnesses. Does this study constitute a survey or a census. Explain.

            Ans:  Census.  She collected data from all 50 states in the population.

            Difficulty level:  medium     Objective:  Categorize data as being collected from a population or a sample.

      45.  Classify the following as cross-section or time-series data.

           

                                       Monthly telephone bill for each family in an apartments complex.

            Ans:  Cross-section data

            Difficulty level:  medium     Objective:  Categorize data as being cross-section data or time-series data.

      46.  Classify the variable as discrete or continuous.

           

                                          Duration of your last 30 cell phone calls.

            Ans:  Continuous

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables.

      47.  The two types of variables are continuous and ______.

            Ans:  discrete

            Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Distinguish between discrete and continuous variables.

      48.  An independent group wants to determine if the consumption of gasoline has increased due to changes in price.  The group randomly selects 320 gas stations from 12 different states and collects data from the month of the year when gas is the cheapest and from the month of the year when gas is the most expensive.  The data shows no significant difference in gas consumption between the two months.

           

            In this example, what is the variable being studied?

            A)      The 320 gas stations chosen.                 C)      The consumption of gasoline.

            B)      The 12 different states.                         D)      The price of gasoline.

            Ans:  C     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Explain what constitutes a variable in a statistical study, identifying it in practical situations.

      49.  The Ohio lottery involves selecting 5 numbers from 5 different bins.  This is an example of sampling

            A)  with replacement.    B)  without replacement.

            Ans:  A     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Explain the difference between random sampling with and without replacement.

      50.  The Megabucks lottery involves selecting 3 numbers from a single bin.  This is an example of sampling

            A)  with replacement.    B)  without replacement.

            Ans:  B     Difficulty level:  low     Objective:  Explain the difference between random sampling with and without replacement.

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