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Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology
Multiple-Choice
Questions
1.1 The Classical Roots
of Psychology
1. Psychology is the
scientific study of ______. 4
a. the physiological functions of the
brain C,
c
b. how personality can be determined
by the size and shape of one’s head
c. behavior and mental processes
d. how cultures and societies develop
and interact with each other
2. Socrates is known for
his thoughts on ______. 4
a. dualism C,
a
b. Structuralism
c. behavior and mental processes
d. how
cultures influence psychology
3. Plato
believed that we must balance our desires and ______. 4-5
a. goals C,
c
b. wishes
c. emotions
d. thoughts
4. Aristotle argued
against the existence of ______. 5
a. observation C,
c
b. reason
c. innate knowledge
d. culture
5. Descartes argued that
the human mind is not subject to ______. 5
a. innate control C,
c
b. understanding
c. laws
d. forces of culture
6. Locke believed that at
the moment of birth the mind contains ______ innate knowledge. 5
a. all C,
c
b. physical
c. no
d. some
7. Hobbes proposed
thoughts and experiences are by-products of the workings of the ______. 5
a. brain C,
a
b. liver
c. sub consciousness
d. culture
8. Darwin believed that
observable behavior can be studied ______. 5
a. experimentally C,
c
b. only in humans
c. scientifically
d. only in terms of culture
1.2 The Rise of
Scientific Psychology
9. The first psychology
laboratory was founded by ______. 5
a. Wundt c. Titchener F,
a
b. James d. Watson
10. Most psychologists agree
that psychology, as a science, was born in ______. 5
a. 1879 c. 1909 F,
a
b. 1891 d. 1921
11. The first psychology
laboratory was opened in ______. 5
a. 1642 c. 1879 F,
c
b. 1853 d. 1906
12. Wundt was the first
______. 5
*** a. psychologist to use an experimental
laboratory F,
a
b. psychologist to analyze dreams
c. American-born psychologist
d. psychologist to use written tests
to measure human abilities
13. Wundt believed that ______
be studied through scientific experiments. 5
a. no mental processes could F,
b
b. some mental processes could not
c. only mental processes could
d. all mental processes could
14. Wundt’s primary
experimental interest was ______. 5
*** a. sensation c. human instincts F,
d
b. emotion d. selective attention
15.
According to Wundt, the mind should be studied
______. 5
*** a. subjectively and introspectively c. as
a spiritual entity F, b
b. scientifically d. according to philosophical
traditions
2
yr.: 84% r = .24
16.
Wundt believed that attention is actively
controlled by ______. 5
a. instincts and drives c. rewards and punishments F,
b
b. intentions and motives d. hormones and neurotransmitters
17.
The person most directly responsible for moving
psychology out of the realm of 5
philosophy
and into the world of science is ______. F, d
a. Sigmund Freud c. B.F. Skinner
b. William James d. Wilhelm Wundt
18.
The person who established the first American
psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins 6
University
in 1883 was ______. F,
a
a. G. Stanley Hall c. William James
b. Edward Titchener d. J. M. Cattell
19.
The first American to be called a “professor of
psychology,” at the University of 6
Pennsylvania
in 1888 was ______. F,
d
a. G. Stanley Hall c. William James
b. Edward Titchener d. J. M. Cattell
20.
A famous student of Wundt’s, who later became
the leader of American 6
psychology
as a professor at Cornell University, was ______. F, c
a. Watson c. Titchener
b. Galton d. James
21.
Titchener believed psychologists should analyze
complex experiences in terms of 6
______. F,
a
a. their simplest elements c. learned behaviors
b. a stream of consciousness d. actualizing experiences
22.
Titchener wanted to strip perception of its
associations in order to find ______. 6
a. spiritual purity F,
c
b. the instinctive underpinnings of
behavior
c. the atoms of thought
d. the root causes of physiological
sensation
23.
Titchener broke experience down into ______
basic elements. 6
a. two c. four F,
b
b. three d. five
24.
Experience was broken down into three basic
elements (physical sensations, feelings, 6
and
images) by ______. F,
b
a. Freud c. Galton
b. Titchener d. James
25.
Which of the following choices correctly matches
a famous psychologist with his 6
*** theoretical
perspective? F,
a
a. Titchener ‑ structuralism c. Watson - functionalism
b. Laing
‑ cognitive d.
James ‑ behaviorism
4
yr.: 68% r = .32
26.
Structuralism emphasizes ______. 6
a. individual differences C,
d
b. the application of biological
principles to the mind
c. the influence of subconscious urges
on conscious behavior
d. the basic units of experience and
their combinations
4
yr.: 74% r = .05
27.
The basic units of experience and their
combinations were the foundation of ______. 6
a. structuralism c. behaviorism C,
a
b. functionalism d. Gestalt psychology
28.
One of structuralism’s most important proponents
was ______. 6
a. Freud c. Titchener F,
c
b. Galton d. James
29.
Titchener was a member of the ______ school of
thought. 6
a. structuralist c. behaviorist F,
a
b. functionalist d. reductionist
30.
If you looked at an apple and recognized it
because of seeing its red, round shape, 6
with
a stem at the top, remembering what other apples had looked like, and A,
c
remembering
that you really like the taste of apples, you would be supporting the
______
school of psychology.
a. functionalist c. structuralist
b. behaviorist d. Gestalt
31.
The theory of mental life and behavior that is
concerned with how an organism uses its 7
perceptual
abilities to function in its environment is ______. C, a
a. functionalism c. objective introspection
b. structuralism d. behaviorism
32.
The idea that consciousness is a continuous flow
is central to ______. 7
a. structuralism c. objective introspection C, b
b. functionalism d. behaviorism
33.
According to James, the atoms of experience (pure
sensations without 6
*** associations)
______. F,
d
a. were genetically predetermined
b. were the basis of all human
behavior
c. were best understood through
experimental research
d. did not exist
34.
James argued that consciousness ______. 6-7
a. does not exist c. is comprised of “atoms of thought” F,
d
b. is an illusion d. flows in a continuous stream
35.
James suggested that ______ allow us to benefit
from previous experience. 7
a. rewards and punishments c. atoms of experience F,
b
b. mental associations d. dreams
36.
The ideas that mental associations allow us to
benefit from experience, every time we 7
*** repeat
something our nervous systems are changed, and psychology should use C,
c
subjective
introspection to study everyday, true-to-life experiences, are central to
______.
a. structuralism c. functionalism
b. humanism d. Gestaltism
37.
A central idea of functionalism is that ______. 7
*** a. consciousness can be broken down
into three elements C, c
b. individual differences are the
basis of human behavior
c. consciousness is a continuous flow
d. thoughts must be studied by
objective introspection
4
yr.: 28% r = .21
38.
James suggested that when we repeat something
several times, ______. 7
a. our nervous systems change F,
a
b. we must re-learn the activity each
time
c. we become bored with the activity
d. we can strip perceptions of their
basic associations
2
yr.: 36% r = .02
39.
In discussing sensations, feelings, and images
the______. 6-7
*** a. structuralist
focused on the primary role of sensations in our experience of the C, c
world
while the functionalist focused on the primary role of feelings
b. structuralist and the functionalist
completely agreed on how they should be
studied
c. structuralist considered the three
to be atoms of experience whereas the
functionalist
claimed that these three aspects of experience could not be teased apart
d. functionalist considered the three
to be atoms of experience whereas the
structuralist
claimed that these three aspects of experience could not be teased apart
4
yr.: 79% r = .40
40.
William James is noted for founding the ______
school of psychology. 7
a. Gestalt c. structuralist F,
b
b. functionalist d. reductionist
41. Roughly translated from
the German, gestalt means ______. 7
a. "whole" c. "parts"
b. "perception" d. "background" F,
a
42. Wertheimer, Köhler, and
Koffka were all associated with ______ psychology. 7
a. functionalist c. Gestalt F,
c
b. psychoanalytic d. existential
43. The idea
that psychology should focus on how people experience and perceive 7
*** separate
objects (such as dots) as whole patterns (such as lines, or objects) is a C,
c
central
concept of ______ psychology.
a. cognitive c. Gestalt
b. humanistic d. behavioral
4
yr.: 70% r = .25
44. When applied to perception, Gestalt refers to
______. 7
*** a. the atoms of thought c. a flow of consciousness C,
d
b. environmental stimuli d. our tendency to see patterns
2
yr.: 77% r = .48; 2 yr.: 67% r =
.30
45. Gestalt psychologists
were most interested in ______. 7
a. sensations c. elements of thought F,
b
b. perception d. conditioning
4
yr.: 67% r = .31; 2 yr.: 75% r =
.55
46. When we see a painting
by Georges Seurat, the famous French impressionist, we 7
*** tend
to experience it as a rendering of a lovely landscape rather than as the series
A,
a
of
separate, differently colored dots of which the painting is actually composed.
This
phenomenon illustrates an important point made by ______.
a. Gestalt psychologists c. behavioral psychologists
b. structuralists d. existentialists
47. When we listen to a
favorite piece of music, we tend to experience the melodies and 7
harmonies
as a beautiful single piece of music rather than as the series of separate A,
a
notes
of which the song is actually composed. This phenomenon illustrates an
important
point made by ______.
a. Gestalt psychologists c. psychoanalysts
b. humanists d. behaviorists
2
yr.: 78% r = .39
48. The female psychologist
who is known for her work in color vision during 7
psychology’s
early years is ______. F,
a
a. Christine Ladd-Franklin c. Margaret Floy Washburn
b. Margaret Mead d. Mary Whiton Calkins
49. The female psychologist
who is known for her analysis of how we learn verbal material 7
and
her contributions to self-psychology is ______. F, d
a. Christine Ladd-Franklin c. Margaret Floy Washburn
b. Margaret Mead d. Mary Whiton Calkins
50. The female psychologist
who is known for her pioneering research examining the role of 7
imagery
in thought processes is ______. F,
c
a. Christine Ladd-Franklin c. Margaret Floy Washburn
b. Margaret Mead d. Mary Whiton Calkins
51. Two female
psychologists who were elected and served as presidents of the 7
American
Psychological Association were ______. F, d
a. Christine Ladd-Franklin and
Margaret Floy Washburn
b. Margaret Mead and Christine
Ladd-Franklin
c. Margaret Floy Washburn and Margaret
Mead
d. Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret
Floy Washburn
52. Today women receive
______ of the Ph.D.s granted in psychology. 7
a. very few c. most F,
c
b. fewer than half d. none
53. Women receive about
______ of the baccalaureate degrees awarded in psychology. 7
a. one-third c. two-thirds F,
d
b. one-half d. three-fourths
54. Women represent ______
of all psychology graduate students. 7
a. the vast minority c. two-thirds F,
d
b. about half d. the vast majority
1.3 Contemporary
Approaches to Psychology
55. The ______approach
presumes that biological processes are the sole determinant of thoughts
and
behavior. 8
a. biological c. behavioral F,
a
b. structuralism d. humanistic
56. ______are especially
interested in determining the extent to which behavior, thoughts and
emotions
are affected by physical conditions. 8
a. Physiological psychologists c. Behavioral psychologists F, a
b. Cognitive psychologists d. Humanistic psychologists
57. John Watson was the
founder of the school of thought that became known as ______. 8-9
*** a. functionalism c. behaviorism F,
c
b. structuralism d. humanism
58. The school of thought
that became known as behaviorism was founded by ______. 8
a. Watson c. James F,
a
b. Titchener d. Wundt
59. According to Watson,
consciousness ______. 8-9
a. is the focal point of modern
psychology F,
d
b. is an observable behavior
c. is a continuous flow
d. can neither be measured nor defined
2
yr.: 62% r = .25
60. Watson felt that
psychologists should study ______. 9
a. consciousness c. mental imagery F,
b
b. observable behavior d. elements of thought
4
yr.: 74% r = .12; 2 yr.: 74% r =
.33; 2 yr.: 73% r = .45
61. Psychologists should
only study observable, measurable behavior, according to ______. 9
a. Freud c. Kohler F,
d
b. Titchener d. Watson
62. The idea that
psychology should be based only on observable, measurable behaviors 9
is
central to ______. C,
a
a. behaviorism c. structuralism
b. cognitive theory d. psychodynamic theory
4
yr.: 70% r = .21
63. Watson’s views were based on
experiments by ______. 9
a. Skinner c. James F,
d
b. Titchener d. Pavlov
64. Pavlov called his
method of training ______. 9
a. shaping c. reinforcement F,
b
b. conditioning d. modeling
2
yr.: 84% r = .40; 2 yr.: 86% r =
.33
65. Pavlov intentionally
trained his dogs to expect food when they ______. 9
a. saw a red light c. heard a ringing bell F,
c
b. heard a laboratory door open d. received an electric shock
66. Pavlov’s famous
conditioning experiments involved ______. 9
a. dogs c. chickens F,
a
b. a child d. a morning dove
67. Watson’s famous
conditioning experiment involved a ______. 9
a. dog c. chicken F,
b
b. child d. dove
2
yr.: 86% r = .23
68. Watson’s experiment
with Little Albert proved that ______. 9
a. other animals besides dogs can be
conditioned F,
c
b. reward learning is more powerful in
humans than conditioning
c. people can be conditioned
d. children are born with a natural
fear of rats
69. In Watson’s famous
experiments with Little Albert, he taught Albert to fear a ______. 9
a. dog c. cat F,
b
b. rat d. dove
70. By snapping your
fingers just before you blow a gentle puff of air into someone’s 9
eyes,
causing them to blink, you can teach them to blink to just the sound of your A,
d
fingers
snapping, even when you no longer blow the puff of air. This is an example
of
______.
a. shaping c. reinforcement
b. modeling d. conditioning
71. If Watson’s ideas are
correct, then when Albert learned to fear the rat (in Watson’s 9
famous
experiment), he ______. A,
a
a. simply responded to the environment
b. was affected by unconscious mental
images
c. was responding to inherited
biological fears
d. was avoiding the self-actualizing
tendency
2
yr.: 46% r = .30
72. B.F. Skinner is
associated with ______. 9
a. psychodynamic psychology c. Gestalt psychology F,
b
b. behaviorism d. existentialism
73. Cognitive psychologists
are concerned with the scientific study of ______. 9
a.
psychosocial development c. mental processes F,
c
b. observable behaviors d. self-actualization
74. The scientific study of
mental processes in the broadest sense: thinking, feeling, 10
*** making
decisions and judgments is ______ psychology. C, d
a. humanistic c. existential
b. behavioral d. cognitive
4
yr.: 79% r = .45; 2 yr.: 59% r =
.43; 2 yr.: 63% r = .31
75. The current belief that
not only behavior, but also thoughts and feelings, can be 9
*** studied
scientifically is traceable most directly to the impact of ________ psychology. A, c
a. humanistic c. cognitive
b. existential d. psychoanalytic
4
yr.: 83% r = .17 4 yr.: 81% r = .19
76. Twenty years ago, most
psychology textbooks described psychology as the “study 10
of
behavior.” Today, most of these describe psychology as the “study of F,
c
behavior
and mental processes.” This definitional change can in large part be
attributed
to the impact of ______ psychology.
a. behavioral c. cognitive
b. humanistic d. existential
77. The field of psychology
that explores the neurological mechanisms that underlie 10
mental
processes such as learning, memory, intelligence, and emotion is ______. C,
b
a. evolutionary psychology c. psychoneuroimmunology
b. cognitive neuroscience d. Gestalt psychology
78. The field of psychology
that is concerned with the biological origins of behaviors 11
and
mental processes, their adaptive value and the purposes they continue to serve C,
d
is
______ psychology.
a. ethnographic c. physiological
b. cognitive d. evolutionary
79. ______ psychologists
tend to see the mind as a general purpose computer that requires 10
software
(experience) to process information. C,
a
a. Cognitive c. Trait
b. Psychodynamic d. Evolutionary
80. Abraham Maslow is most
closely associated with ______ psychology. 10
a. existential c. cognitive F,
d
b. behavioral d. humanistic
81. The psychologist who
developed humanistic theory was ______. 10
a. Wertheimer c. Maslow F,
c
b. Perls d. Ellis
82. ______ theory has never
been totally accepted in the mainstream of psychology. 10
a. Cognitive c. Existential F,
b
b. Humanistic d. Trait
83. ______ refers to the
spontaneity and creativity that result from focusing on problems 10
outside
of oneself and looking beyond the boundaries of social conventions. C,
a
a. Self-actualization c. Psychological congruence
b. Self-efficacy d. Rational restructuring
84. ______ psychology has
made important contributions to the study of motivation and 10
and
emotions. F,
a
a. Humanistic c. Structural
b. Behavioral d. Gestalt
85. Positive psychologists are most similar
in their beliefs to ______. 10
a. behaviorists c. humanists C,
c
b. psychodynamic theorists d. Gestalt theorists
86. The field of psychology
that focuses on subjective well-being, self-determination, the 10
relationship
between emotions such as happiness and physical health, and the factors C, b
that
allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish, is ______
psychology.
a. cognitive c. Gestalt
b. positive d. psychodynamic
87. A positive psychologist
is most likely to devote her attention to studying the______. 10
a. influences of unconscious processes
on mental illness C,
c
b. role of learning and conditioning
in shaping a child’s personality
c. “good life”: the study of
subjective well-being
d. role of evolution in shaping
behaviors linked to human survival
88. Modern approaches to
psychology ______. 12
a. are becoming more and more mutually
exclusive of each other F, d
b. have become more and more dominated
by behavioral and biological approaches
c. have become increasingly dominated
by Freudian and mentalistic approaches
d. tend to complement each other, with
each approach contributing in its own way to
our
understanding of human behavior using a multiple perspective approach
89. The most controversial
of psychology’s pioneers is ______. 10
a. Wilhelm Wundt c. Sigmund Freud F,
c
b. William James d. B.F. Skinner
90. Freud’s work with his
patients convinced him that many nervous ailments are ______. 10
a. caused by environmental toxins F,
b
b. psychological in origin
c. physiological in origin
d. genetically inherited
characteristics
91. Freud’s ideas provided
the foundation for ______. 10
a. existential psychology c. psychodynamic theory F,
c
b. behavioral psychology d. behaviorism
2
yr.: 78% r = .56
92. Psychodynamic theory is
MOST closely associated with ______. 10
a. James c. Perls F,
d
b. Rogers d. Freud
93. For Freud, much of our
behavior is controlled by ______. 11
*** a. unconscious desires c. mental Gestalts F,
a
b. environmental stimuli d. mental associations
2
yr.: 90% r = .35; 2 yr.: 96% r =
.33; 2 yr.: 86% r = .53
94. A psychologist claims
that hidden motives and unconscious desires are the basis 10-11
*** of
behavior. This psychologist is MOST likely a(n) ______ psychologist. A,
a
a. psychoanalytic c. Gestalt
b. behavioral d. existential
4
yr.: 68% r = .46; 4 yr.: 73% r =
.23; 4 yr.: 78% r = .33
95. The
evolutionary/sociobiological approach builds on the work of _____. 11
a. Darwin F,
a
b. Locke
c. Plato
d. Hobbes
96. The
sociocultural approach builds on the importance of _____. 11
a. culture,
gender, race and ethnicity F,
a
b. behavior
c. the
environment
d. the
subconscious
1.4 Enduring Issues in
Psychology
97. Each of the following
is one of five enduring issues that draws psychologists 13
together
EXCEPT ______. F,
b
a. mind-body c. diversity-universality
b. situation-group d. stability-change
98. The enduring issue of
Person-Situation is believed to be caused by
______. 13 F,
b
a. external factors c. diversity factors
b. internal factors d. cultural factors
99. The enduring issue of
Nature-Nurture is believed to be caused by ______. 13 a. external factors c. diversity factors F, b b. heredity factors d. cultural
factors
100. The
enduring issue of Stability-Change tries to understand behavior in terms of
______. 13 a. external factors c. diversity factors F, b b. time d. cultural factors
101. The
enduring issue of Diversity-Universality tries to explore ______. 13 a. external factors c. diversity factors F, b
b. if all people are alike d. cultural factors
102. The
enduring issue of Mind-Body tries to understand the relationship between
experience 13
and ______. F,
b
a. external factors c. diversity factors
b. biological processes d. cultural factors
1.5 Psychology as
Science
103. Psychology
is the science of ______. 14
a. objective introspection c. behavior and mental processes C, c
b. functionalism and structuralism d. human
mental processes and emotion
104. The
term “psychology” is defined by your text as the “science of behavior and
mental 14
processes.”
According to your text, the key word in that definition is ______. F,
a
a. science c. behavior
b. mental d. processes
105. Psychologists
use techniques based on ______. 14
a. inductive reasoning c. deductive reasoning F,
d
b. objective introspection d. the scientific method
106. A
scientist decides to solve a problem by collecting data through careful
systematic 14
observation,
developing theories, making predictions based on those theories, A,
a
and
systematically testing those predictions. The scientist is using ______.
a. the scientific method c. the deductive method
b. objective introspection d. the inductive method
107. Psychologists
use the scientific method to do each of the following EXCEPT ______ 15
what
they study. F,
b
a. describe c. predict
b. circumvent d. control
108. A
systematic explanation of a phenomenon that organizes known facts, allows 15
the
prediction of new facts, and permits a degree of control over the new C,
c
phenomenon
is known as a ______.
a. postulate c. theory
b. hypothesis d. principle
109. Wilhelm
runs an experiment and finds that males with high levels of testosterone tend 15
to
be more physically aggressive than males with lower levels of testosterone.
This A,
c
leads
him to believe that testosterone has a direct effect on physical aggression in
males.
Wilhelm’s belief is BEST described as a ______.
a. thesis c. theory
b. hypothesis d. prognosis
110. A
specific, testable prediction about a phenomenon, usually derived from a
theory, 15
*** is
a ______. C,
b
a. prognosis c. principle
b. hypothesis d. theory
111. A
teacher suspects that her students are unusually quiet during her Monday 15
morning
classes because they stay up late on Sunday nights. She believes that A,
b
if
she monitored the times they went to bed, she would find that the sleepy ones
went
to bed later than the more alert ones. In scientific terms, her hunch, or
suspicion
of what she would find if she monitored her students is called a ______.
a. theory c. prognosis
b. hypothesis d. postulate
1.6 Research Methods in
Psychology
112. ______
require evidence based on careful observation and experimentation. 15
a. Only the “soft” sciences like psychology
and sociology F, d
b. Only the “hard” sciences like
biology and chemistry
c. Only the pseudosciences like
phrenology
d. All sciences
113. Naturalistic
observation is ______. 16
a. recreating natural conditions in
the laboratory as closely as possible C,
b
to
make an experiment more valid
b. studying behavior in its natural
context
c. basically the same process as
objective introspection
d. observing behavior in the lab
without taking formal notes or using technological
equipment
to measure the experimental findings
4
yr.: 80% r = .31
114. Observing
behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing 16
*** laboratory
controls is known as the ______. C,
a
a. naturalistic observation method
b. experimental method
c. correlational method
d. psychometric approach
115. When
you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors 16
*** conduct
their classes, you are engaging in a form of ______. A, c
a. case study research c. naturalistic observation
b. survey research d. psychometric study
116. A
researcher, interested in how children interact with each other, goes to a 16
school
playground and unobtrusively takes notes as she watches them over a A,
a
period
of several hours. This researcher is using the ______ method of research.
a. naturalistic observation c. experimental
b. psychometric d. case study
117. The
primary advantage of the naturalistic observation method of research is 16
that
it ______. F,
d
a. allows for better control of the
experimental situation than other research methods
b. allows for gathering information
more easily, quickly, and cheaply than
other
research methods
c. virtually eliminates the problem of
observer bias
d. usually allows for behavior that is
more natural, varied, and spontaneous than in a
laboratory
118. A
recent study of people with bipolar disorder found that they are more likely to
adjust 16
successfully
to the workplace ______. F,
b
a. if they had fewer stressful life
events
b. when they had strong supportive
personal relationships with others
c. when they had flexible work hours
d. when they didn’t have extensive
contact with the public
119. Which
of the following is NOT true of naturalistic observation? 16
*** a. It involves studying human or
animal behavior in its natural context. F, c
b. Observer bias is one problem
associated with naturalistic observation.
c. One trained observer is more
advantageous than several trained observers.
d. The behavior is more likely to be
spontaneous than behavior in a laboratory situation.
4
yr.: 91% r = .25
120. In
the early 1930s, anthropologist Margaret Mead lived among the people of Samoa. 16
*** She
recorded their behaviors and spent long hours talking with them, particularly
with A, a
the
young girls in whose development she was most interested. Her approach to
gaining
knowledge
represents which of the following social science methods?
a. naturalistic observation c. the correlational method
b. the psychometric approach d. survey research
121. The
expectations of a researcher that might distort or influence his or her
interpretation 16
of
what he or she actually observed is called ______. C, c
a. the Phi phenomenon c. observer bias
b. sample bias d. cognitive dissonance
122. A
research method in which the real-life behavior of a pre-selected individual or
a few 17
individuals
is studied at an in-depth level for some time through the use of observation, C, c
interviews,
and writings (such as letters) is the ______ method of research.
a. survey c. case study
b. correlational d. naturalistic observation
123. The
case study method is one in which ______. 17
a. findings are based on the naturally
occurring relationships between two C,
b
or
more variables
b. findings are based on the intensive
description and analysis of a single
individual
or a few individuals
c. researchers manipulate one or
several variables while controlling all other variables
to
measure the impact of the changing variable(s) on subjects and their behaviors
d. specially constructed tests are
administered to reveal subjects’ abilities, skills, career
interests,
or mental health
124. The
research method used by Jean Piaget in developing his comprehensive theory of 17
cognitive
development was the ______ method. F,
d
a. naturalistic observation c. psychometric
b. experimental d. case study
125. Jean
Piaget’s observations of his three children to form his theories of childhood 17
development
is an example of the ______ method of research. A, a
a. case study c. correlational
b. naturalistic observation d. psychometric
126. A
detailed, well-researched biography of a famous historical person is
technically 17
an
example of the ______ method of research. A,
c
a. psychometric c. case study
b. naturalistic observation d. correlational
127. Which
of the following is true of case studies? 17
a. It is impossible to confidently
draw generalized conclusions from their results. F, a
b. They tend to be lacking in
detailed, descriptive information.
c. They eliminate problems of observer
bias.
d. They fail to provide observations
of real-life behavior.
128. Research
in which a carefully selected group of people is asked a set of predetermined 17
questions
in interviews or through questionnaires is known as ______ research. C,
c
a. correlational c. survey
b. case study d. experimental
129. The
survey method of research involves ______. 17
a. an intensive description and
analysis of a single individual or a group of individuals C, b
b. asking predetermined questions of a
carefully selected group of people through
interviews
or questionnaires
c. studying the naturally occurring
relationship between two or more variables
d. unobtrusively observing people
engaging in normal behavior in their natural
environment
130. Political
polls taken before major elections are examples of ______ research. 17
a. correlational c. case study A,
d
b. experimental d. survey
131. Which
of the following is an example of survey research? 17
a. A researcher tracks smokers and
nonsmokers to see how many of them get A,
c
lung
cancer and if there are significant differences in lung cancer rates
between
the two groups.
b. A historian conducts an extensive
study of the factors that led to the
American
defeat at Pearl Harbor in 1941.
c. A researcher interviews taxpayers
to find out how strongly they would support a
proposal
for a “flat” tax.
d. A researcher randomly divides her
participants into two groups, giving one group
a
powerful new medicine while the other group gets a placebo.
132. Case
studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys are BEST suited for
______ 18
behaviors,
beliefs, opinions, and attitudes. F,
c
a. explaining c. describing
b. predicting d. determining the causes of
133. Research
techniques based on the naturally occurring relationship between 18
two
or more variables are known as the ______ method. C, c
a. case study c. correlational
b. naturalistic observation d. experimental
134. A
psychologist uses the correlational method to ______. 18
*** a. explain the effects of one variable
on another A,
d
b. compare two groups of subjects
c. determine what causes a variable to
change
d. identify relationships between
variables
4
yr.: 80% r = .16; 2 yr.: 70% r =
.30
135. The
degree of relationship between two or more variables is ______. 18
a. correlation c. reliability C,
a
b. validity d. a hypothesis
136. A
psychologist studying child abuse discovered that parents who abuse their children 18
*** were
frequently mistreated themselves by their parents when they were younger. A,
a
This
approach to gaining knowledge is MOST like which of the following social
science
methods of research?
a. the correlational method c. the case study method
b. experimentation d. objective introspection
4
yr.: 82% r = .21; 4 yr.: 70% r =
.14
137. The
research finding that “people who drink a lot of alcohol tend to have high
blood 18
*** pressure”
indicates ______. A,
c
a. that
high blood pressure causes people to drink alcohol
b. that drinking alcohol contributes
to high blood pressure
c. that drinking alcohol and blood
pressure are correlated
d. drinking is unrelated to blood
pressure
4
yr.: 80% r = .28
138. Tests
used to predict future performance, such as intelligence tests, College Boards,
18
and
tests for clerical and mechanical aptitude are all based on extensive ______
studies. A,
d
a. case c. naturalistic observation
b. longitudinal d. correlational
139. If
explanation of the causes of thoughts, feelings, and behavior is a
psychologist’s goal, 18
then
the ______ method of research should be used. F, b
a. correlational c. survey
b. experimental d. naturalistic observation
140. A
research technique in which an investigator deliberately manipulates selected
events 19
or
circumstances and then measures the effects of those manipulations on
subsequent C,
b
behavior
is the ______ method.
a. correlational c. survey
b. experimental d. naturalistic observation
141. People
who participate in an experiment, whose reactions or responses are observed as 19
part
of the experiment, usually to test the validity of a hypothesis, are called
______. C,
d
a. stooges c. partners
b. assistants d. participants
142. The
only research method that can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship
between 19
variables
is the ______ method. F,
b
a. correlational c. case study
b. experimental d. naturalistic observation
143. In
an experiment to test the effects of varying amounts of anxiety on performance,
the 19
independent
variable is the ______. A,
a
a. amount of anxiety c. subject’s performance
b. age of the subject d. cause of the anxiety
2
yr.: 46% r = .38
144. In
an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a
second 19
*** variable.
The manipulated variable is called the ______. C, c
a. dependent variable c. independent variable
b. experimental variable d. placebo
145. In
an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a
second 19
*** variable.
The second variable, which is observed for any possible effects, is called the C, a
______ variable.
a. dependent c. independent
b. control d. hypothetical
4
yr.: 70% r = .09; 2 yr.: 75% r =
.42
146. The
variable selected and manipulated systematically in an experiment is called the
19
*** ______
variable. C,
c
a. dependent c. independent
b. systematic d. control
4
yr.: 78% r = .27 4 yr.: 79%
r = .39
147. Two
groups of people are given different kinds of practice problems in logic. They are 19
*** then
tested on a set of new problems to determine whether one kind of practice was A, d
better
than the other. The nature of the
practice problems is the ______ variable.
a.
observed c. dependent
b.
uncontrolled d. independent
4
yr.: 71% r = .23
148. In
an experiment to test the effects of anxiety on performance, the dependent
variable 19
*** is
the ______. A,
c
a. amount of anxiety c. person’s performance
b. age of the person d. cause of the anxiety
2
yr.: 47% r = .29
149. In
an experiment to assess the effects of a new hay fever drug, two groups are
used. 19
*** One
group is given the drug while the second group is given a pill that contains no
A,
d
medicine
but looks and tastes exactly like the one containing the drug. The group
receiving
the nonmedicinal pill is called the ______ group.
a. independent c. dependent
b. experimental d. control
4
yr.: 52% r = .18; 2 yr.: 70% r =
.13
150. In
an experiment to assess the effects of a new hay fever drug, two groups are
used. 19
One
group is given the drug while the second group is given a pill that contains no
A,
b
medication
but looks and tastes exactly like the one containing the drug. The group
getting
the pill that contains the hay fever drug is called the ______ group.
a. independent c. dependent
b. experimental d. control
4
yr.: 51% r = .18; 2 yr.: 70% r =
.13
151. In a controlled experiment, the
group not subjected to a change in the independent 19
variable,
and used for comparison with the group receiving the experimental C,
d
change,
is the ______ group.
a. independent c. dependent
b. experimental d. control
152. In
a research study, a psychiatrist gives depressed patients a particular drug and
19
*** observes
that their symptoms diminish. He
concludes that the drug caused the reduction A,
c
in
symptoms. This experiment is flawed
because it lacks ______.
a. an independent variable c. a control group
b. a dependent variable d. an explanation for why the drug
worked
4
yr.: 97% r = .33
153. In
a controlled experiment, the group subjected to a change in the independent 19
variable
is called the ______ group. C,
b
a. independent c. dependent
b. experimental d. control
154. A
scientist, conducting a research study on sleep and learning, questions her own
19-20
objectivity
and decides to let a third person, not associated with conducting the A,
a
experiment,
score the tests. The scientist is probably trying to eliminate ______ bias.
a. experimenter c. control
b. sample d. treatment
155. A
group of students was asked to write an essay in support of the legalization of 19
*** marijuana.
They were paid $.50 each. Another group of students received $2.00 each for A, b
performing
the same task. It was subsequently found that those students who received
only
$.50 each developed a more positive attitude toward the legalization of
marijuana.
The experimenter
in this study was using the ______ method of research.
a. correlational c. naturalistic observation
b. experimental d. survey
156. If
a psychologist gave one group of rats extra handling and an enriched
environment and 19
*** deprived
a second group of rats, then measured how quickly each group learned a maze, A,
b
he
or she would be engaged in ______.
a. naturalistic observation c. correlational research
b. a controlled experiment d. field
research
4
yr.: 73% r = .21
157. Most
psychologists use ______ method(s) to study a single problem. 19
a. the experimental c. the correlational F,
d
b. the survey d. several
158. In
research, a large group of people whom you want to know about is called a
______. 21
a. control group c. population A,
c
b. treatment group d. sample
159. A
subset of cases selected from a larger population is a ______. 21
a. control group c. treatment group C,
d
b. target group d. sample
160. A
sample in which everyone in a population has an equal chance of being 21-22
*** selected
to the sample is known as a ______ sample. C, a
a. random c. biased
b. stratified d. representative
4
yr.: 90% r = .21
161. A
psychologist, studying pilot trainees, picks a select group of trainees who are 21
hopefully
representative of all other trainees. The group of trainees being studied by A, a
this
psychologist are collectively known to researchers as a ______.
a. sample c. target group
b. population d. control group
162. A
psychologist, studying pilot trainees, picks the trainees who will be
participating in her 21-22
study
by selecting every third name appearing on the list of available trainees. She
is A,
a
selecting
a ______ sample.
a. random c. biased
b. stratified d. representative
163. A
sample carefully chosen so that the characteristics of the subjects correspond 22
closely
to the characteristics of the general population is known as a ______ sample. C, d
a. random c. biased
b. controlled d. representative
164. A
researcher goes to great lengths to ensure that the proportion of males and
females 22
in
his study matches the proportion of males and females nationally. He is
selecting a A, d
______
sample.
a. random c. biased
b. controlled d. representative
1.7 Ethics and
Psychology
165. Each
of the following is a basic principle of the APA’s code of ethics EXCEPT
______. 22
*** a. participants must be informed of
the nature of the research in clearly F,
b
understandable
language
b. participants cannot be deceived or
have information concealed from them at any
time
during an experiment
c. risks, possible adverse effects,
and limitations on confidentiality must be spelled out
in
advance
d. informed consent must be documented
166. Each
of the following is a basic principle of the APA’s code of ethics EXCEPT
______. 22
a. if participation is a condition of
course credit, equitable alternative activities must F, c
be
offered
b. participants cannot be deceived
about aspects of the research that would affect
their
willingness to participate, such as risks of unpleasant emotional experiences
c. participants cannot be subjected to
any physically or emotionally painful stimuli
d. deception about the goals of
research can only be used when absolutely necessary to
the
integrity of the research
167. Each
of the following is a current view discussed in your text in the controversy 23
regarding
ethics in psychological research EXCEPT some people ______. F,
d
a. feel that experimental procedures
should never be emotionally or physically
distressing
b. believe that ethical guidelines are
too strict and can damage the scientific value of
research
c. feel that psychology should base
its ethical guidelines on documented
evidence
about the effects of research procedures, not on conjecture about what is
“probably”
a good way to conduct research
d. feel that the explanations
necessary to foster informed consent undermine the credibility of
psychology
as a science and should be abolished
168. Each
of the following is true of research with animals EXCEPT ______. 23
a. animals are no longer allowed to be
used in research where it would be clearly F,
a
unethical
to use humans
b. scientists who oppose animal rights
activists argue that the goals of scientific
research
justify some animal suffering, although they agree it should be minimized
c. animal protectionists argue that it
is unethical to use nonhuman animals in
research
since
they cannot give their consent to serve as subjects
d. scientists who oppose animal rights
groups argue that procedures now in place
already
minimize animal suffering
169. Currently,
in regards to research using animals, the APA ______. 23
a. has no ethical guidelines F,
c
b. only requires that animals may not
be killed as a normal part of research
c. requires that researchers must
ensure appropriate consideration of animals’ comfort,
health,
and humane treatment
d. forbids the use of animals except
in research involving life-threatening disorders
Essay Questions
170. Define
psychology and explain the role played by the scientific method in 14
psychological
inquiry. Discuss how psychologists use theories and hypotheses A
in
conducting research.
171. Describe
the differences between the structuralist and functionalist schools 6-7
*** of
psychology. Who were the main proponents of each school and what C
were
the major contributions of each school?
172. What
is the “cognitive revolution?” How is cognitive psychology different from 9
*** behaviorism?
What impact has cognitive psychology had on the field of modern C
psychology?
173. Define
naturalistic observation. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this 16
*** research
technique? How is naturalistic observation useful to research scientists? C
174. Explain
what case studies are and how they are useful to psychologists. 17
What
are the major advantages and disadvantages of this type of research? C
175. Define
correlational research. How is correlational research useful to psychologists? 17-18
*** What
are the advantages and disadvantages of this type of research? C
176. Describe
the stipulations from APA’s ethical guidelines for researchers. What are 22
some
current opinions among researchers and their critics in regards to these
guidelines? C
www.psychologythecore.com (ONLINE)
Thinking Critically
Autonomy
177. ______--
the freedom to make one’s own decisions—is essential to motivation and personal
growth. a. Autonomy c. Power F,
a
b. Psychology d.
Dignity
Psychology and Minority
Students
178. Strickland concluded that members of minority
groups are underrepresented among F,
b
psychology majors and in psychology
postgraduate programs because ______.
a. most minority students do not
desire an advanced degree
b. a majority of
psychology professors are white and many of the research studies
they read about are based on white-only
participants
c. minorities are not interested in
psychology
d. minorities are not admitted to
universities in equal numbers
Milgram Study
179. Although
the American Psychological Association had drawn up a code for ethical
*** behavior
in 1953, the issue of ethics was raised again in 1963 when ______. F,
a
a. Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies
were published
b. Sigmund Freud’s theories about
childhood sexuality were published
c. Bandura’s studies on television
violence were published
d. research indicated that between 3-5
percent of therapists engage in sexual activity
with
their clients during “therapy”
180. Subjects
in Milgram’s studies were TOLD they were taking part in studies on
______.
a. learning c. biofeedback F,
a
b. obedience d. pain thresholds
181. In
Milgram’s studies, “learners” who made errors were punished with ______.
a. emotional deprivation c. electric shocks F,
c
b. public humiliation d. verbal insults
2
yr.: 80% r = .49
182. Subjects
in Milgram’s studies were REALLY being tested on ______.
a. learning c. obedience F,
c
b. biofeedback d. pain thresholds
4
yr.: 85% r = -.03; 2 yr.: 59% r = .52
183. ______
is well-known for his studies on obedience.
a. Zimbardo c. Asche F,
b
b. Milgram d. Seligman
184. In
Milgram’s studies on obedience, how many subjects gave the maximum
amount
of shock to the learners? F,
c
a. 5 percent c. 65 percent
b. 35 percent d. 95 percent
185. Milgram’s
studies on obedience raised significant controversy regarding ______.
*** a. the quality of laboratory equipment
used in psychological research F, d
b. laboratory research on human
sexuality
c. the use of placebo techniques to
treat severe psychological disorders
d. ethics and the use of deception in
research
4
yr.: 95% r = .09; 2 yr.: 81% r =
.45; 2 yr.: 90% r = .42
Applying Psychology
Benefits of Studying
Psychology
186. Each
of the following is described by your text as a benefit of psychology EXCEPT
______. F,
c
a. self-understanding c. control skills
b. critical thinking skills d. job skills
Internet Users
187. Which
of the following is NOT true of the study of Internet users discussed in
the text?
a. The sample included only people
from fewer than 100 families in Pittsburgh. F,
b
b. Only households with pre-existing
Internet connections were included in the
study.
New users were excluded.
c. Participants’ social involvement
and psychological well-being were measured
entirely by self-report
measures.
d. Changes in the behavior of the
subjects were small.
188. The
study of Internet users discussed in the text found that heavier users of the
Internet
showed
_______ aspects of social involvement. F,
c
a. no significant changes in any
b. slight increases in some, but not
all
c. slight decreases in some, but not
all
d. large decreases in most
189. The
study of Internet users discussed in the text found that heavier users of the
Internet
showed
_______ in self-reported feelings of loneliness and depression. F,
b
a. large increases c. slight decreases
b. slight increases d. large decreases
190. The
study of Internet users discussed in the text found that heavier users of the
Internet
showed
slight _______ in some aspects of social involvement and slight ______ in F, b
self-reported
feelings of loneliness and depression.
a. decreases; decreases c. increases; decreases
b. decreases; increases d. increases; increases
APA Divisions
191. The
American Psychological Association is made up of ______ divisions.
a. 13 c. 53 F,
c
b. 33 d. 73
Careers in Psychology
192. Those
with an associate’s degree in psychology are qualified to do each of
the
following EXCEPT ______. F,
d
a. screen and evaluate new patients at
mental health centers
b. provide assistance in community
consultation
c. keep records of patient services
and activities
d. teach psychology at 2-year colleges
193. Those
with a bachelor’s degree in psychology are qualified to do each of the
following
EXCEPT
______. F,
a
a. work as researchers, collecting and
analyzing data at universities, in government,
or
for private organizations
b. teach psychology in high school
c. assist psychologists in mental
health centers and correctional centers
d. assist psychologists in vocational
rehabilitation facilities
194. About
______ of the people holding advanced degrees in psychology are
clinicians
who treat clients having emotional or mental difficulties. F, d
a. one-fifth c. one-third
b. one-fourth d. one-half
195. A
______ is a medical doctor with four years of medical training and three years
of
residency
training (spent mostly in supervised clinical practice). C, c
a. psychologist c. psychiatrist
b. psychoanalyst d. psychiatric social worker
196. A
psychiatrist must have a ______ degree.
a. Ph.D. c. M.D. F,
c
b. Psy.D. d. M.A.
197. Which
of the following mental health professionals is the only one who, in most
states,
can
prescribe medicine? F,
d
a. a psychologist c. a counselor
b. a social worker d. a psychiatrist
198. Psychiatrists
differ from clinical psychologists in that ______.
*** a.
psychiatrists are more likely
to be engaged in experimental research than clinical F, c
psychologists
b. psychiatrists tend to have more
extensive training in research methods and
psychological
testing than clinical psychologists
c. psychiatrists can prescribe
medications while most clinical psychologists cannot
d. clinical psychologists are more
likely than psychiatrists to work in state mental
institutions
4 yr.: 67% r =.22 ; 4 yr.: 72%
r = .13 ; 4 yr.: 71% r = .17
199. A
psychoanalyst is someone who is a(n) ______.
a. psychiatrist, but not a
psychologist C,
c
b. psychologist, but not a
psychiatrist
c. psychiatrist or psychologist with
additional training in psychoanalytic
theory
and practice
d. M.S.W. with additional training in
psychoanalytic theory and practice
200. A
psychoanalyst ______.
*** a. is a psychiatrist or psychologist
who has received additional training in C,
a
psychoanalytic
theory
b. is a medical doctor who has
completed three years of residency training in psychiatry
c. specializes in job satisfaction and
worker productivity in large corporations
d. diagnoses and tests problems of
adjustment
4
yr.: 71% r = .42; 2 yr.: 61% r =
.38
201. Which
of the following professionals is most likely to hold a Ph.D. degree in
*** psychology? F,
b
a. a psychiatrist c. a psychoanalyst
b. a clinical psychologist d. a psychiatric social worker
2
yr.: 38% r = .14
202. A
______ must hold a Ph.D. or Psy.D.
degree in psychology.
*** a.
psychiatrist c. psychoanalyst F,
b
b. psychologist d. psychiatric social worker
4
yr.: 52% r = .27; 4 yr.: 63%
r = .24
203. A
mental health professional who typically holds a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree, has
completed
a one-year internship in psychological assessment and psychotherapy, has C, c
had
at least one more year of supervised practice, and assesses and treats
emotional and
behavioral
disorders ranging from short-term crises to chronic disorders such as
schizophrenia
is a ______.
a. psychiatrist c. clinical psychologist
b. counseling psychologist d. psychometric psychologist
204. A
mental health professional who typically holds a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree, has
completed
a one-year internship in psychological assessment and psychotherapy, has C, b
had
at least one more year of supervised practice, and helps people cope with
situational
problems such as adjusting to college, vocational guidance, marital problems,
or
coping with the death of a loved one is a ______.
a. psychiatrist c. clinical psychologist
b. counseling psychologist d. psychometric psychologist
205. The mental health professional
who is LEAST likely to hold a M.D., Ph.D. in psychology,
or
a Psy.D., is a ______. F,
c
a. psychiatrist c. social worker
b. psychoanalyst d. counseling psychologist
Recent Studies
Prescription Privileges
206. Currently,
______ states allow clinical psychologists to prescribe medications used to
treat
mental disorders. F,
b
a. no c. 22
b. 2 d. 42
207. Each
of the following is true EXCEPT ______.
a. in recent years prescription
medications have become increasingly important in the F, d
treatment
of mental disorders
b. prescription medications have been
shown to be particularly effective when
combined
with traditional forms of psychotherapy
c. quality care is more cost effective
when medication and psychotherapy is provided
by
the same professional rather than split between two providers
d. prescription medications are
commonly used today to treat only a few severe mental
disorders,
such as schizophrenia
208. To
receive permission to prescribe medications, clinical psychologists must do
each of
the
following EXCEPT ______. F,
a
a. complete a 4 year internship at a
state psychiatric hospital
b. complete 400 hours of coursework
c. pass a national exam
d. get approval from a medical
supervisor and an oversight board, after completing a
2-year
period of prescribing medicine while being supervised
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