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COMPLETION
1. _________
refers to the process of selecting for study a
limited number of subjects who are representative of entire groups sharing
similar characteristics.
ANS:
sampling LO: 1 REF: p. 35
2. The
entire group who shares similar characteristics is called the _________.
ANS:
population LO: 1 REF: p. 35
3. _________
research involves observing, over time,
a group of people who share a like characteristic.
ANS:
Cohort LO: 1 REF: p. 39
4. The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s _________ _________ _________ is
the best known and most widely cited source of official criminal
statistics.
ANS:
Uniform Crime Report LO:
1 REF: p. 30
5. The
most important and widely used victim survey is the _________ _________ _________
_________.
ANS:
National Crime Victimization Survey LO: 1 REF: p. 35
6. An _________
is a research design in which the
researcher introduces the independent variable to a group and observes the
effects of the independent variable.
ANS:
experiment LO: 2 REF: p. 40
7. Property crimes rates have _________ in recent years although this change has not
been as dramatic as that experienced for the violent crime rate.
ANS:
declined LO: 3 REF: p. 43
8. In general, crime rates _________ as temperature rises.
ANS:
increase LO: 4 REF: p. 48
9. Large _________ areas have by far the highest violence rates
while _________ areas have the lowest per capita crime rates.
ANS:
urban, rural LO: 5 REF: p. 48
10. _________ involves the willful burning
or attempting to burn a house or building.
ANS:
Arson LO: 5 REF: p. 31
11. The
view that women who commit crimes have biological and psychological traits
similar to men is known as the _________
_________ .
ANS:
masculinity hypothesis LO: 7 REF: p. 53
12. Female
criminality is sometimes masked because criminal justice authorities are
reluctant to take action against a woman. This reluctance is known as the _________ _________ .
ANS:
chivalry hypothesis LO:
7 REF: p. 53
13. Research
indicates that taking guns out of the hands of _________ _________ can lower rates of intimate partner homicides.
ANS:
domestic abusers LO:
8 REF: p. 53
14. Persistent
offenders are referred to as _________
_________
or _________ _________.
ANS:
career criminals and chronic offenders LO: 9 REF: p. 61
chronic
offenders and career criminals
15. The _________ _________ _________ phenomenon indicates that those who begin their
delinquent careers early and who commit serious violent crimes throughout
adolescence are the most likely to persist in crime as adults.
ANS:
continuity of crime LO: 10 REF: p. 62
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Criminologists
collect and analyze crime data in order to:
a. measure the nature and extent of criminal
behavior
b. track
changes in the crime rate
c. measure the
individual and social factors that may influence criminality
d. all of these
ANS:
D LO: 1 REF: p. 30
2. When researchers want a snapshot of what
is going on at one point in time they conduct ________ research.
a. longitudinal
b. cross-sectional
c. aggregate
data
d. analysis
ANS:
B LO: 1 REF: p. 35
3. A research approach that asks
participants to describe their recent and lifetime criminal activity is termed:
a. field
observation
b.
cross-sectional research
c. a self-report survey
d.
meta-analysis
ANS:
C LO: 1 REF: p. 36
4. Richmond (Virginia
a. data mining
b. meta-analysis
c. crime
mapping
d. systematic
review
ANS:
C LO: 1 REF: p. 41
5. Observing
a group of people who share a like characteristic, over time, is termed:
a. sampling
b.
cross-sectional research
c.
meta-analysis
d. cohort research
ANS:
D LO: 2 REF: p. 39
6. If criminologists want to see the direct effect of
one factor on another, such as determining whether viewing a violent TV show
will cause viewers to act aggressively, they conduct:
a. experimental research
b. aggregate
data research
c. cohort
research
d. survey
research
ANS:
A LO: 1 REF: p. 40
7. Because cohort research is extremely
difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, another approach is to take an intact
cohort from the past and collect data from their educational, family, police,
and hospital records. This research format is known as a/an:
a. reverse
cohort study
b. retrospective cohort study
c. exposition
cohort study
d. null cohort
study
ANS:
B LO: 2 REF: p. 39
8. Although differences between the UCR and
the NCVS abound, the greatest distinction between the two has to do with:
a. the ability of the NCVS to identify crimes
committed against those under the age of
twelve
b. the ability
of the UCR to identify the social dimension of fear
c. the ability
of the UCR to measure unreported crime
d. the ability of the NCVS to measure unreported
crime
ANS:
D LO: 1 REF: p. 35
9. The
best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics is:
a. the Uniform Crime Report
b. the National
Crime Victimization Survey
c. the Annual
Self-Report Survey
d. the Monitoring the Future Study
ANS:
A LO: 1 REF: p. 30
10. Part I
crimes are also referred to as ___ and include: murder, forcible rape, robbery,
aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, and ___.
a. indices,
embezzlement
b. indices,
arson
c. index crimes, arson
d. index
crimes, embezzlement
ANS:
C LO: 1 REF: p. 30
11. Meta-analysis
involves gathering compatible information and data from:
a. the social
environment
b. juveniles
c. a cohort
d. previous studies
ANS:
D LO: 1 REF: p. 41
12. Which
of the following methods does the UCR use to express crime data?
a. name of offenders
b. crime rates per 100,000 people
c. predictions of what the crime rate will be
the following year
d. all of these
ANS:
B LO: 1 REF: p. 31
13. Validity issues impact the UCR. Which of
the following best portrays the validity concern/s for this data collection
method?
a. reporting
practices
b.
methodological problems
c. reporting
practices and law enforcement practices
d. reporting
practices, methodological problems, and law enforcement
practices
ANS:
D LO: 1 REF: p. 32
14. The “missing cases” phenomenon is a
validity concern for which type of crime measurement?
a.
quasi-experimental research
b. the UCR
c. self-report studies
d.
meta-analysis
ANS:
C LO: 2 REF: p. 36
15. What
trends in violent and property victimizations are indicated in the NCVS data?
a. Since the early 1990s,
violent and property victimizations have been in decline.
b. Since the early 1990s, violent and property
victimizations have increased.
c. Since the early 1990s, violent and property
victimizations have been stable.
d. Since the
early 1990s, violent victimizations have increased while property victimizations have decreased.
ANS:
A LO: 3 REF: p. 43
16. Approximately
____ percent of cases are cleared by arrests.
a. 90
b. 60.
c. 40
d. 20
ANS:
D LO: 3 REF: p. 32
17. Crimes
that are ______ are more likely to be reported.
a. less serious
b. more serious
c. property
d. among a victim and offender who know each
other
ANS:
B LO: 3 REF: p. 32
18. What is
known about the relationship between the economy and crime?
a.
Many research
efforts fail to find a definitive relationship between unemployment and crime
b.
Some crime
experts believe a poor economy helps lower crime rates.
c.
The relationship
between unemployment and crime rates is insignificant
d. All these statements are
known about the relationship between the economy and crime.
ANS:
D LO: 3 REF: p. 51
19. When
discussing future trends in crime, Steffensmeier and Harer believe that
differences in policing practices partially account for:
a. the relationship between age and crime.
b. the decrease in violent crime.
c. the increase in female crime.
d. the decrease in property crime.
ANS:
C LO: 4 REF: p. 54
20. The
phrase “the ecology of crime” refers to such factors as:
a. gender and age
b. social class
and economics
c. race and
ethnicity
d. season and climate
ANS:
D LO: 5 REF: p. 48
21. The nation’s birthrate experienced a
dramatic rise in the year 2000. What impact would this large number of births
have on the crime rate?
a. the crime
rate would being to rise about the year 2028
b. the crime
rate would begin to rise about the year 2024
c. the crime
rate would begin to rise about the year 2020
d. the crime rate would begin to rise about the
year 2016
ANS: D LO: 4 REF: p. 52
22. A
crime, in general, is most likely to occur under which set of conditions?
a. on an August day with a temperature of 80
degrees
b. on a July
day with a temperature of 98 degrees
c. on an April
day with a temperature of 78 degrees
d. on a
November day with a temperature of 67 degrees
ANS:
A LO: 5 REF: p. 48
23. Due to
the amount of disposable income at this time, crime rates may be higher:
a. on the first day of the month.
b. on the
fifteenth day of the month.
c. at the end
of the month.
d. crime is
consistent throughout the month
ANS:
A LO: 5 REF: p. 51
24. The
highest crime rate is found in which regions of the country?
a. north and
south
b. south and west
c. east and
south
d. west and
north
ANS:
B LO: 5 REF: p. 48
25. The relationship between class and crime is
an important one for criminological theory. The weight of recent evidence seems
to suggest that serious, official crime is more prevalent:
a. among the lower class
b. among the
upper class
c. among the
middle class
d. among both
the middle and lower class
ANS:
A LO: 6 REF: p. 50
26. How is age correlated with crime?
a. Age is not
correlated with crime – anyone can commit crime.
b. Middle aged
males, 30-45, commit the most crime.
c. Age is inversely related to crime – younger
people commit more crime
d. Age is
correlated with crime only if referring to males.
ANS:
C LO: 7 REF: p. 52
27. __________
are associated with those living in poverty who engage in disproportionate
amounts of rape and assault as a means of expressing their rage, frustration,
and anger against society.
a. instrumental
crimes
b. expressive crimes
c. index crimes
d.
strict-liability crimes
ANS:
B LO: 1 REF: p. 50
28. Those unable to obtain desired goods and
services through conventional means may consequently resort to theft and other
illegal activities. These activities are known as:
a. instrumental crimes
b. expressive crimes
c. index crimes
d.
strict-liability crimes
ANS:
A LO: 1 REF: p. 50
29. While the “emancipation of women” has had
relatively little influence on female crime rates, there has been an increase
in the number of females arrested. According to Steffensmeier’s research, what
might account for this increase?
a. demands of
the women’s movement to treat females equally
b. the greater willingness of police to arrest
females
c. the dramatic
increase in the number of women engaging in prostitution
d. a
demographic bulge of females in the crime-prone age group
ANS:
B LO: 8 REF: p. 53
30. According to the ____ hypothesis, the
criminality of females is masked because of the generally benevolent and protective
attitude toward women in our society.
a. masculinity
b. chivalry
c. feminist
d. proximity
ANS:
B LO: 8 REF: p. 53
31. What theory or hypothesis focused attention
on the social and economic role of women in society and its relationship to
female crime rates?
a. gender
theory
b. the
masculinity hypothesis
c. the chivalry
hypothesis
d. liberal
feminist theory
ANS:
D LO: 8 REF: p. 53
32. Which
explanation might account for the variance between male and female crime rates?
a. Females are socialized to be less aggressive
than males.
b.
Females are more
likely to than males to respond to anger with feelings of depression, anxiety,
fear, or shame.
c.
Females are more
likely than males to attempt to negotiate when faced with conflict.
d. Each of these explanations
might account for the variance between male and female crime rates.
ANS:
D LO: 8 REF: p. 53
33. Official
arrest records indicate that African Americans are arrested at a higher rate
than members of other racial groups. Self-report data:
a.
exhibit the same
finding
b.
show no
difference between arrest rates of African Americans and other racial groups
c.
indicate no
difference between arrest rates but only if considering female arrests
d. suggest arrest rate
differences are an artifact of justice system bias
ANS:
D LO: 8 REF: p. 55
34. Institutional racism undermines faith in
social and political institutions and weakens confidence in the justice system.
According to the _________, as the percentage of minorities in the population
increases so too does the amount of social control that police direct at
minority group members.
a. police density hypothesis
b. police
threat hypothesis
c. racial
density hypothesis
d. racial threat hypothesis
ANS:
D LO: 8 REF: p. 55
35. The
defensive use of guns is a debated issue. What does research indicate about the
effectiveness of “right-to-carry concealed handgun” laws?
a.
People with a
history of violence and mental disease are less likely to kill when they use a
knife or other weapon.
b.
Concealed handgun
laws have little effect on local crime rates.
c.
People who carry
guns may be at greater risk of victimization than those who do not.
d. Research on right-to-carry
concealed handguns indicates all of these findings.
ANS:
D LO: 8 REF: p. 48
36. Gun
advocates view gun control as a threat to personal liberty in violation of:
a.
the first
amendment
b.
the second amendment
c.
the fifth
amendment
d.
the six amendment
ANS:
B LO: 8 REF: p. 48
37. According to Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin’s cohort
study, what percentage of chronic offenders was responsible for a significant
proportion of all serious crime?
a. 6 percent
b. 12 percent
c. 15 percent
d. 21 percent
ANS:
A LO: 9 REF: p. 61
38. Which
of the following sets of factors would not predict chronic offending?
a. parental
supervision, average grades, school attendance
b. skipping school, lack of parental supervision,
stealing pattern of behavior
c. poor grades,
parental drug involvement, runaway pattern of behavior
d. family discord, documented child abuse, gang
affiliation
ANS:
A LO: 9 REF: p. 61
39. One of the most important findings from
cohort studies is the concept of persistence or the continuity of crime. Who is
most likely to persist in a criminal career?
a. juveniles
who committed a single serious offense at an early age
b. juveniles who started their delinquent
careers early and who committed
serious
violent crimes throughout adolescence
c. adolescents arrested between the ages of 15
and 17 who committed a single
serious offense
d. adolescents,
regardless of age, who served time in a juvenile detention facility
ANS:
B LO: 10 REF: p. 62
40. Chronic offenders have become a central focus of
crime control policy. Sentencing policies, such as “three strikes” legislation
are designed to incapacitate chronic offenders for long periods of time without
hope of probation or parole. Why is this?
a.
Longer sentences allow for extended treatment within correctional
institutions.
b.
Probation and parole officers already have crushing case loads.
c.
Research
indicates chronic offenders will desist from committing future crimes if
incarcerated for longer periods of time.
d.
Most chronic offenders repeat their criminal acts after their
correctional release.
ANS:
D LO: 10 REF: p. 62
TRUE/FALSE
1. Most
self-report surveys focus on juvenile delinquency and youth crime.
ANS: T LO:
1 REF: p. 36
2. The
“known group” method is employed to validate self-report data.
ANS: F LO:
2 REF: p. 36
3. Cohort research involves observing a
group of people, who share like characteristics, over a period of time.
ANS: T LO:
2 REF: p. 39
4. The
Uniform Crime Report is an annual survey of crime victims.
ANS: F LO:
2 REF: p. 30
5. The
Bureau of Justice Statistics compiles the Uniform Crime Report.
ANS: F LO:
2 REF: p. 30
6. Violent crimes are more likely to be
solved than property crimes because police devote more resources to these more
serious acts.
ANS: T LO:
2 REF: p. 32
7. The
“missing cases” phenomenon is a validity concern present within the Uniform
Crime Report.
ANS: F LO: 2 REF: p. 32
8. Monitoring the Future (MTF) data indicate
that the number of people who break the law is far greater than the number
projected by official statistics.
ANS: T LO:
1 REF: p. 55
9. The
availability of legalized abortion, firearms, and quality health care all
contribute to fluctuations in crime rates.
ANS: T LO:
1 REF: p. 48
10. Most reported crimes occur during the holidays in November and
December.
ANS: F LO: 1 REF: p. 48
11. Chronic
offenders typically start offending at an older age.
ANS: F LO: 10 REF: p. 61
12. According to Wolfgang, Figlio, and Sellin’s cohort
study, a small number of offenders committed the majority of the crimes.
ANS: T LO: 9 REF: p. 62
13. When
looking at the relationship between crime and age, criminologists find that as
criminals get older, their offending typically increases.
ANS: F LO:
7 REF: p. 52
14. In the
1970s, liberal feminist theory focused attention on the social and economic
role of women in society and its relationship to female crime rates.
ANS: T LO:
8 REF: p. 53
15. Official
crime data indicate that minority group members are involved in a
disproportionate share of serious criminal activity.
ANS: T LO:
8 REF: p. 55
ESSAY
1. Describe how the Uniform Crime Report is
compiled and the validity concerns associated with this method of measuring
crime.
ANS: The FBI
collects arrest data from police departments in the United States and publishes crime rates each year. The UCR contains
information on Part I and Part II crimes.
The UCR also collects data on the number and characteristics of
individuals who have been arrested for committing a crime. The UCR contains
validity problems because of reporting issues, such as police error and
victim’s failure to report crimes. Additional
issues exist because not all police departments submit reports, only the most
serious crime is counted, each act is listed as a single offense, and no
federal crimes are reported.
LO: 1 REF:
p. 31-34
2. Describe how the National Crime
Victimization Survey is compiled and the validity concerns associated with this
method of measuring crime.
ANS: National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS) is a
nationwide survey of victimization in the United States compiled by the Bureau
of Justice Statistics. The NCVS contains a nationally representative sample of
38,000 households and interviews approximately 136,000 individuals over the age
of 12 each year. These surveys include information about the age, race, sex,
ethnicity, marital status, income and education levels of victims and
offenders. Concerns over the validity of NCVS include over reporting by
victims, under-reporting by victims, inability to record the personal criminal
activity of those surveyed, sampling errors and inadequate question format.
LO: 1 REF:
p. 35-36
3. What is self-report data? Discuss the use
and accuracy of self-report data.
ANS: Self-reported data is designed to measure
criminal activity directly by asking people to report and describe their
participation in criminal activity.
Self-report surveys are typically anonymous or confidential so
individuals feel more comfortable reporting their criminal involvement. These surveys are most often conducted with
juveniles. These surveys typically
include additional questions regarding peoples’ attitudes, beliefs, values and
behaviors. Self-report surveys are especially useful for victimless crimes and
crimes that are often not detected or reported. Critics of these surveys argue
that people will not be truthful when reporting criminal behavior. Also, those who are the most criminal are
often not included in samples.
LO: 1 REF:
p. 36-38
4. What
is the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)? How is it different
from the UCR?
ANS: The NIBRS is a program that collects data on
each reported crime incident. For the system, police departments provide an
account of each incident and arrest.
This includes information about the victim and offender. Data are
collected for 46 offenses plus 11 lesser offenses. The data also provide a link
between arrests and clearances, include all of the offenses that were
committed, and distinguish between attempted and completed crimes.
LO: 1 REF:
p. 34-35
5. Explain what is meant by the aging-out
process.
ANS: Research
finds that as criminals get older, their criminal involvement decreases. This decrease is found regardless of the
economic status, marital status, race or sex of the offender. It is evident that younger people commit more
crime and commit crime more often than older people. This is a relationship that has remained
stable across time.
LO: 7 REF:
p. 52-53
6. Explain Wolfgang, Figlio and Sellin’s research on chronic
offending. What are
some
implications of this research?
ANS: Wolfgang, Figlio and Sellin conducted a study
in 1972 where they used official records to follow the criminal careers of a
cohort of 9,945 boys born in Philadelphia in 1945. They found that one-third of
the boys had contact with the police. When severity of offenses was examined,
they found that 54 percent of the samples delinquent youths were repeat
offenders. Furthermore, they found that 6 percent of those youths were chronic
offenders and committed 71 percent of the homicides, 73 percent of the rapes,
82 percent of the robberies, and 69 percent of the aggravated assaults. In 1958,
Wolfgang et al. conducted a similar study and found the sample
conclusions. This time, however, they
included females and found that only 1 percent of females in the survey were
chronic offenders. This research
suggests that by targeting a few chronic offenders, large reductions in the
crime rate can be achieved.
LO: 9 REF:
p. 62-63
7. Discuss
what is meant by the phrase “the ecology of crime.” Explain how crime rates are
impacted by each ecology factor.
ANS: Ecology
of crime suggests that there is a link between the crime rate and ecological
factors. One ecological factors is day,
season and climate. Most reported crimes
occur during warm summer months in July and August. Crime rates also are higher on the first day
on the month when people typically have more income. Temperature may also have an impact on
violent crime, with crime rates increasing until the weather reaches about 85
degrees. Large urban areas also have higher rates of crime than rural areas.
LO: 5 REF:
p. 48-49
8. Discuss
the relationship between crime and the economy. Explain each of the views
associated with this relationship.
ANS: Research shoes that aggregate crime rates and
aggregate unemployment rates are not strongly related. Sometimes crime rise during periods of
economic prosperity and sometimes crimes rates decline. There are four views on this
relationship. The first view argues that
when the economy is bad, crime will be higher.
The second suggests that a good economy will result in higher crime
rates. Third is the view that a bad
economy will lower the crime rate. The last view suggests that the crime rate
and the economy are not related.
LO: 6 REF:
p. 51
9. What is the relationship between race and
crime? How is this relationship
explained?
ANS: Official crime data indicate
that minority group members are involved in a disproportionate share of
criminal activity. African Americans
make up 12 percent of the population but 40 percent of violent Part 1 offenses
and 30 percent of property crime arrests. One explanation for this relationship
is an unequal or biased treatment in the criminal justice system. A second explanation is that this
relationship is due to cultural bias. A third explanation argues that racial
differences are due to disparity in the social and economic structure of
society.
LO: 8 REF:
p. 55-56
10. What
impact and influence has the discovery of the chronic offender had on the field
of criminology?
ANS: The discovery of chronic offenders has led to a greater
focus of criminological theory on explaining the difference between chronic
offenders and occasional offenders. It
has also questioned the importance of social conditions, as most individuals
living in these conditions do not become chronic offenders. This has forced criminologist to consider
such issues as persistence and desistance in their explanations of crime. This
discovery has also led to stricter sentencing polices such as the third strikes
polices.
LO: 10 REF:
p. 62-63
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