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Chapter 11 Operating Systems

1. Operating systems are organized internally into layers. a.  True b.  False

2. Resource allocation in a single-tasking OS involves only two running programs—an application and the OS. a.  True b.  False

3. ​Multitasking operating systems are not the norm for general-purpose computers. a.  True b.  False

4. A hypervisor can make the sum of physical resources allocated to all virtual machines appear greater than the underlying physical resources. a.  True b.  False

5. The act of giving control of a CPU to a ready thread is called engaging. a.  True b.  False

6. A blocked thread is waiting for an event to occur, such as allocation of a requested resource or correction of an error condition. a.  True b.  False

7. In explicit priority scheduling, the scheduler always dispatches the ready thread that has been waiting the longest. a.  True b.  False

8. In Windows thread scheduling, a thread’s current priority level is called its “local priority.” a.  True b.  False

9. Data values and instructions generally occupy multiple bytes of storage. a.  True b.  False

10. When considered as a byte sequence, the rightmost byte is called the most significant byte. a.  True b.  False

11. A programmer can explicitly include the process offset in any memory address operands when writing or compiling a program. a.  True b.  False

12. ​Memory allocation is less complex when the OS supports multitasking. a.  True b.  False

13. Contiguous program loading, coupled with fixed-size memory partitions, usually results in efficient use of memory space. a.  True b.  False

14. Noncontiguous memory allocation is more flexible than contiguous memory allocation, but flexibility comes at a price. a.  True b.  False

15. The only portion of a process that must be in memory at any point during execution is the next instruction to be fetched. a.  True b.  False

16. Because page size is fixed, memory references can easily be converted to the corresponding page number and offset in the page. a.  True b.  False

17. Page location in the swap space can be computed by dividing the page number by the page size. a.  True b.  False

18. The benefits of advanced memory addressing and allocation schemes are offset by reduced performance when they’re implemented in hardware. a.  True b.  False

19. In an Intel CPU, a page table entry includes the page’s physical memory address if it’s loaded into memory. a.  True b.  False

20. With an Intel CPU, virtual memory management responsibility is split between the CPU and the OS. a.  True b.  False

21. ​The ____ plays a dual role as a high-level manager and a tireless low-level worker. a.  application system​ b.  ​operating system c.  ​system manager d.  ​BIOS

22. The ____ is the user interface to the OS. a.  shell b.  GUI c.  transaction monitor d.  desktop manager

23. Through the ____ layer, a user or system administrator can run application and OS utility programs and manage system resources, such as files, folders, and I/O devices. a.  service b.  kernel c.  hypervisor d.  command

24. A set of commands and syntax requirements is called a ____. a.  command structure b.  command database c.  command language d.  command layer

25. The ____ of the OS contains thousands of reusable components that provide functions ranging from file and folder manipulation to accessing I/O devices, starting and stopping programs, and creating, moving, and resizing GUI windows. a.  service layer b.  kernel layer c.  command layer d.  metering layer

26. The ____ is the OS portion that manages resources and interacts directly with computer hardware. a.  core b.  kernel c.  hypervisor d.  scheduler

27. The resources consumed by resource allocation procedures are sometimes referred to as ____. a.  system bloat b.  system requirements c.  system underpinnings d.  system overhead

28. As allocated by the OS, the resources that are apparent to a program or user are called ____. a.  physical resources b.  managed resources c.  virtual resources d.  exposed resources

29. A ____ is an OS that enables dividing a single physical computer or cluster into multiple virtual machines. a.  kernel b.  hypervisor c.  transaction monitor d.  trusted platform module

30. A process or program that divides itself into multiple threads is said to be ____. a.  multi-headed b.  multipartite c.  multithreaded d.  multiplied

31. Threads in the ____ are idle, pending availability of a CPU. a.  ready state b.  wait state c.  hold state d.  run state

32. In ____, a thread can be removed involuntarily from the running state. a.  proactive scheduling b.  reactive scheduling c.  starvation scheduling d.  preemptive scheduling

33. ____ scheduling chooses the next thread to be dispatched based on the expected amount of CPU time needed to complete the process. a.  Shortest time remaining b.  First in first out c.  Last in first out d.  Least recently used

34. A ____ can execute instructions to process a single transaction, retrieve and store data from an I/O device, or retrieve and analyze one set of process variables. a.  thread bundle b.  process cycle c.  thread cycle d.  fiber bundle

35. ____ is the assignment of specific memory addresses to system software, application programs, and data. a.  Memory allocation b.  Memory management c.  Memory mapping d.  Memory control

36. A CPU’s or computer’s ____ is the highest numbered storage byte that can be represented. a.  configurable memory b.  addressable memory c.  responsible memory d.  variable memory

37. When memory allocation is ____, it means all portions of the program and OS are loaded into sequential locations in memory. a.  partitioned b.  incremental c.  dynamic d.  contiguous

38. The difference between the first address in physical memory and the address of the first process instruction is called the ____. a.  thread offset b.  process offset c.  launch offset d.  entry point

39. ____ uses memory address operands that refer to actual physical memory locations. a.  Relative addressing b.  Virtual addressing c.  Absolute addressing d.  Random addressing

40. The process of determining the physical memory address that corresponds to a memory reference is called ____. a.  address mapping b.  address allocation c.  address management d.  address diversification

41. The OS maintains a ____ and updates it each time a partition is allocated or freed. a.  memory use table b.  memory partition table c.  memory map table d.  memory control table

42. ____ occurs when memory partitions allocated to a single process or purpose are scattered throughout physical memory. a.  Swapping b.  Orphaning c.  Fragmentation d.  Garbage collection

43. In ____ memory allocation, each process partition has its own offset value. a.  partitioned b.  contiguous c.  dynamic d.  noncontiguous

44. In virtual memory management, a ____ is a small fixed-size portion of a program, normally between 1 and 4 KB. a.  block b.  page c.  sheet d.  frame

45. Each memory page in virtual memory management is called a ____. a.  page frame b.  sheet c.  bundle d.  page tear

46. A reference to a page held in memory is called a ____. a.  page hit b.  page pull c.  page miss d.  page collision

47. ____ store information about page locations, allocated page frames, and secondary storage space. a.  Page tears b.  Page blocks c.  Page tables d.  Page addresses

48. A secondary storage region, called the ____, is reserved for the task of storing pages not held in memory. a.  swap space b.  main memory c.  heap d.  stack

49. An Intel CPU maintains a ____ containing descriptors for all memory segments. a.  local descriptor table b.  page allocation table c.  global definition table d.  global descriptor table

50. Intel Core CPUs implement virtual memory management tables in ____. a.  software b.  hardware c.  firmware d.  BIOS

51. ​OS ____________________ functions ensure that overall system objectives are achieved efficiently and effectively.

52. The ____________________ layers of an OS provide services to application programs or directly to end users.

53. The ____________________ layer encapsulates hardware resources, thus controlling and managing access by users and applications.

54. The command layer of an OS is sometimes called the ____________________.

55. A request to execute a service-layer function is called a(n) ____________________.

56. OS support for running multiple programs simultaneously is called ____________________.

57. A computer’s physical devices and associated system software are called ____________________.

58. A(n) ____________________ is a unit of executing software that’s managed independently by the OS and can request and receive hardware resources and OS services.

59. A group of processes descended from a common ancestor, including the common ancestor itself, is called a(n) ____________________.

60. A(n) ____________________ is a portion of a process that can be scheduled and executed independently.

61. A(n) ____________________ is generated at regular intervals of between several dozen and several thousand CPU cycles to give the scheduler an opportunity to suspend the currently executing thread.

62. ____________________ scheduling guarantees a minimum amount of CPU time to a thread if the thread makes an explicit real-time scheduling request when it’s created.

63. A computer system’s ____________________ memory is the actual number of memory bytes that are physically installed in the machine.

64. The register holding the offset value in memory allocation is called a(n) ____________________ register.

65. After ____________________, all free partitions form a contiguous block in upper memory.

66. ____________________ memory allocation uses small fixed-size partitions, usually no larger than 64 KB.

67. Virtual memory management divides a program into partitions called ____________________.

68. A reference to a page held in secondary storage is called a(n) ____________________.

69. ​If all page frames are allocated, a page currently in memory, called the ____________________, must be written to the swap space before the reference page is loaded into a page frame.

70. ____________________ refers to protecting memory allocated to one program from unauthorized access by another program.

71. ​Describe the role of the operating system.

72. List the three states of an active thread.

73. What is the difference between big endian and little endian?

74. What are two goals of multitasking memory allocation?

75. Name three pieces held within a segment descriptor in an Intel CPU.